1. Introduction
Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum), also known as sweet pepper or capsicum, is a premium vegetable crop ideal for protected cultivation under greenhouses or polyhouses. The crop is valued for its vibrant colors, nutritional richness, crisp texture, and high market demand. Cultivation in controlled conditions ensures off-season production, better yield, improved fruit quality, minimized pest and disease attacks, and higher profitability, especially for commercial growers and agripreneurs.
2. Climate and Growing Conditions
Bell pepper grows best in a mild climate with minimal temperature fluctuations. The ideal conditions include:
- Day temperature: 20–25°C
- Night temperature: 16–18°C
- Relative humidity: 60–70%
Maintaining consistent microclimatic conditions is essential to prevent issues like flower drop, poor fruit set, and disease outbreaks.
3. Variety Selection
Use of high-yielding, disease-resistant F1 hybrid varieties is recommended for greenhouse production. These varieties offer better adaptation to protected conditions, uniformity in fruit shape, vibrant color, and long shelf life. Some popular varieties are:
- Indra
- Orobelle
- Natasha
- Bomby
4. Nursery Management
Healthy seedlings are crucial for a successful crop. Nursery practices include:
- Use plug trays with sterile cocopeat medium
- Maintain temperature around 25°C and 70–80% humidity
- Protect from damping-off using fungicides
- Seedlings are ready in 25–30 days with 4–6 true leaves
5. Planting and Spacing
Bell pepper seedlings are transplanted in grow bags or beds inside the greenhouse with a spacing of:
- Row to row: 45–60 cm
- Plant to plant: 30–40 cm
This allows around 2.5 to 3 plants per square meter for optimal growth.
6. Trellising and Training
Vertical trellising is practiced to support plants and improve light exposure. Key points:
- Use strings tied to overhead wires
- Train 2–4 main stems
- Regularly prune side shoots and lower leaves
7. Pollination
Although bell pepper is self-pollinated, enhanced pollination can be achieved by:
- Introducing bumblebees
- Manual tapping of flowers
Optimal pollination conditions include 60–70% humidity and 20–25°C temperature.
8. Irrigation and Fertigation
Drip irrigation is used for precise water delivery. Fertigation schedules are designed based on crop stages and soil analysis. Important aspects:
- Daily irrigation for 15–30 minutes depending on climate
- Use water-soluble fertilizers (NPK, Ca, Mg, micronutrients)
- Maintain EC and pH levels of nutrient solution
9. Extra Activities for Improved Cultivation and Quality
To enhance crop performance and fruit quality, growers perform additional activities like:
- Mulching: To conserve moisture, control weeds, and regulate temperature
- Soil solarization: To sterilize soil and reduce pathogens before transplanting
- Regular scouting: For early detection and control of pests/diseases
- Use of reflective films: To improve light distribution in low-light areas
- Installation of insect-proof nets: To keep away pests like thrips, aphids, and whiteflies
- Application of bio-stimulants: Such as seaweed extracts or amino acids to boost plant vigor and yield
- Grading and packing: Fruits are sorted based on size and color before marketing
10. Harvesting and Yield
Fruits are harvested 70–90 days after transplanting, when they attain full size and color. Frequent harvesting encourages continuous fruiting. Average yield in protected structures ranges from 6 to 10 kg per square meter depending on variety and management.
Bell pepper cultivation in greenhouses offers excellent returns by ensuring high-quality, uniform, and residue-free produce. With proper environmental control, nutrient management, and cultural practices, greenhouse cultivation can help farmers achieve year-round production and sustainable income.
