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List of Chapters
- Chapter 1: Status of Agriculture in India and Different States
- Chapter 2: Income of Farmers and Rural People in India
- Chapter 3: Livelihood: Definition, Concept and Pattern in Urban and Rural Areas
- Chapter 4: Indicators to Study Livelihood Systems
- Chapter 5: Agricultural Livelihood Systems (ALS): Meaning, Approach and Framework
- Chapter 6: Farming Systems and Farming-Based Livelihood Systems: Definitions
- Chapter 7: Prevalent Farming Systems in India Contributing to Livelihood
- Chapter 8: Traditional and Modern Farming Systems
- Chapter 9: Components of Farming Systems / Farming-Based Livelihood Systems
- Chapter 10: Factors Affecting Integration of Various Enterprises
- Chapter 11: Feasibility of Farming Systems for Different Agro-Climatic Zones
- Chapter 12: Commercial Farming-Based Livelihood Models (NABARD, ICAR and Others)
- Chapter 13: Case Studies on Livelihood Enterprises Associated with Farming
- Chapter 14: Risk and Success Factors in Farming-Based Livelihood Systems
- Chapter 15: Government Schemes and Supporting Organisations
- Chapter 16: Role of Farming-Based Livelihood Enterprises in the 21st Century
Syllabus
Theory
Status of agriculture in India and different states, Income of farmers and rural people in India, Livelihood-Definition, concept and livelihood pattern in urban and rural areas, Different indicators to study livelihood systems. Agricultural livelihood systems (ALS): Meaning, approach, approaches and framework, Definition of farming systems and farming based livelihood systems Prevalent Farming systems in India contributing to livelihood. Types of traditional and modern farming systems. Components of farming system/ farming-based livelihood systems- Crops and cropping systems, Livestock (Dairy, Piggery, Goatry, Poultry, Duckry etc.), Horticultural crops, Agro--forestry systems, Aqua culture Duck/Poultry cum Fish, Dairy cum Fish, Piggery cum Fish etc., Small-, medium- and large- enterprises including value chains and secondary enterprises as livelihood components for farmers, Factors affecting integration of various enterprises of farming for livelihood. Feasibility of different farming systems for different agro-climatic zones, Commercial farming-based livelihood models by NABARD, ICAR and other organizations across the country, Case studies on different livelihood enterprises associated with the farming. Risk and success factors in farming-based livelihood systems, Schemes and programs by Central and State Government, Public and Private organizations involved in promotion of farming-based livelihood opportunities. Role of farming-based livelihood enterprises in 21st Century in view of circular economy, green economy, climate change, digitalization and changing life style.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is meant by farming-based livelihood system?
A farming-based livelihood system is a combination of farming and allied enterprises used by farmers to generate income, employment, food and livelihood security.
2. What is the status of agriculture in India?
Agriculture is a major sector of the Indian economy and an important source of food, employment, income and raw materials, particularly for rural households.
3. What is livelihood?
Livelihood refers to the resources, capabilities, activities and strategies through which individuals or households obtain income, food, employment and well-being.
4. How do rural and urban livelihood patterns differ?
Rural livelihoods are strongly associated with agriculture and natural resources, while urban livelihoods are mainly associated with industry, services, business, salaried employment and other non-farm activities.
5. What are the major indicators used to study livelihood systems?
Major indicators include income, employment, food security, asset ownership, livelihood diversification, social participation, resource use, sustainability and resilience.
6. What is an Agricultural Livelihood System (ALS)?
An Agricultural Livelihood System is a system in which agricultural activities and allied enterprises provide major sources of income, employment, food and livelihood security.
7. What is a farming system?
A farming system is an organized combination of farm resources, enterprises and management practices used to produce agricultural products and generate farm returns.
8. What are farming-based livelihood approaches?
Farming-based livelihood approaches emphasize diversification, integration, efficient resource use, value addition, income generation, risk reduction and sustainable management of farm resources.
9. What are the major farming systems prevalent in India?
Major systems include crop-based, crop-livestock, horticulture-based, livestock-based, fishery-based, agroforestry and integrated farming systems.
10. What is the difference between traditional and modern farming systems?
Traditional farming systems mainly depend on indigenous knowledge and locally available resources, whereas modern systems use improved varieties, mechanization, scientific management, advanced technologies and market-oriented practices.
11. What are the major components of farming-based livelihood systems?
Major components include crops and cropping systems, livestock, horticultural crops, agroforestry, aquaculture, integrated enterprises, value addition and secondary enterprises.
12. What are examples of integrated fish-based farming systems?
Important examples include duck-cum-fish, poultry-cum-fish, dairy-cum-fish and piggery-cum-fish farming systems.
13. What is the importance of livestock in farming-based livelihood systems?
Livestock provides milk, meat, eggs, manure and regular cash income while also creating employment and reducing dependence on crop production alone.
14. What factors affect the integration of different farming enterprises?
Important factors include climate, soil, water availability, land size, labour, capital, market demand, technical knowledge, infrastructure, risk and compatibility among enterprises.
15. Why is agro-climatic suitability important in farming systems?
Agro-climatic suitability helps farmers select crops and enterprises that are compatible with local climate, soil, water availability and other environmental conditions.
16. What are commercial farming-based livelihood models?
Commercial farming-based livelihood models are profitable and market-oriented combinations of agricultural and allied enterprises designed to generate sustainable income for farmers.
17. What are the major risks in farming-based livelihood systems?
Major risks include climatic hazards, crop and livestock diseases, pest attacks, market price fluctuations, rising input costs, financial problems and production uncertainties.
18. What factors contribute to the success of farming-based livelihood systems?
Success depends on proper enterprise selection, technical knowledge, efficient resource use, market access, financial planning, risk management, value addition and effective farm management.
19. What is the role of government and organizations in promoting farming-based livelihoods?
Central and State Governments, ICAR, NABARD, public institutions, private organizations, cooperatives, SHGs and FPOs support farmers through schemes, credit, training, technology, infrastructure, market linkages and enterprise development.
20. What is the role of farming-based livelihood enterprises in the 21st century?
They can improve income, employment and sustainability through circular economy practices, green technologies, climate-resilient farming, digitalization, value addition and enterprises suited to changing consumer lifestyles.
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Last Updated: August 2026
