Ist Semester
Deeksharambh {Click on Me}
Objectives
• Help for cultural integration of students from different backgrounds,
• Know about the operational framework of academic process in the University/College/Institute
• Instilling life and social skills,
• Social Awareness, Ethics and Values, Team Work, Leadership, Creativity, etc.
• Identify the traditional values and indigenous cultures along with diverse potentialities both in
indigenous and developed scenario.
• Identify strength and weakness of the students in different core areas of the discipline.
The details of activities will be decided by the parent universities. The structure shall include,
but not restricted to:
i. Discussions on operational framework of academic process in the University, as well as
interactions with academic and research managers of the University
ii. Interaction with alumni, business leaders, perspective employers, outstanding achievers in
related fields, and people with inspiring life experiences
iii. Group activities to identify the strength and weakness of students (with expert advice for
their improvement) as well as to create a platform for students to learn from each other’s life
experiences
iv. Activities to enhance cultural Integration of students from different backgrounds.
v. Field visits to related fields/ establishments
vi. Sessions on personality development (instilling life and social skills, social awareness, ethics
and values, team work, leadership, etc.) and communication skills .
Skill Enhancementcourse-I* {Click on Me}
Biofertlizer and biopesticide production .
Skill Enhancementcourse-II* {Click on Me}
Production Technology of Bioagents.
Communication Skills {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Communication Process: The magic of effective communication; Building self-esteem and overcoming fears; Concept, nature and significance of communication process; Meaning, types and models of communication; Verbal and non-verbal communication; Linguistic and non-linguistic barriers to communication and reasons behind communication gap/ miscommunication. Basic Communication Skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing Skills; Precis writing/ Abstracting/Summarizing; Style of technical communication Curriculum vitae/resume writing; Innovative methods to enhance vocabulary, analogy questions. Structural and Functional Grammar: Sentence structure, modifiers, connecting words and verbal; phrases and clauses; Case: subjective case, possessive case; objective case; Correct usage of nouns, pronouns and antecedents, adjectives, adverbs and articles; Agreement of verb with the subject: tense, mood, voice; Writing effective sentences; Basic sentence faults; .
Theory Communication Process: The magic of effective communication; Building self-esteem and overcoming fears; Concept, nature and significance of communication process; Meaning, types and models of communication; Verbal and non-verbal communication; Linguistic and non-linguistic barriers to communication and reasons behind communication gap/ miscommunication. Basic Communication Skills: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing Skills; Precis writing/ Abstracting/Summarizing; Style of technical communication Curriculum vitae/resume writing; Innovative methods to enhance vocabulary, analogy questions. Structural and Functional Grammar: Sentence structure, modifiers, connecting words and verbal; phrases and clauses; Case: subjective case, possessive case; objective case; Correct usage of nouns, pronouns and antecedents, adjectives, adverbs and articles; Agreement of verb with the subject: tense, mood, voice; Writing effective sentences; Basic sentence faults; .
Farming based livelihood systems {Click on Me}
Theory
Status of agriculture in India and different states, Income of farmers and rural people in
India, Livelihood-Definition, concept and livelihood pattern in urban and rural areas, Different
indicators to study livelihood systems. Agricultural livelihood systems (ALS): Meaning, approach,
approaches and framework, Definition of farming systems and farming based livelihood systems
Prevalent Farming systems in India contributing to livelihood. Types of traditional and modern
farming systems. Components of farming system/ farming-based livelihood systems- Crops and
cropping systems, Livestock (Dairy, Piggery, Goatry, Poultry, Duckry etc.), Horticultural crops,
Agro--forestry systems, Aqua culture Duck/Poultry cum Fish, Dairy cum Fish, Piggery cum Fish
etc., Small-, medium- and large- enterprises including value chains and secondary enterprises as
livelihood components for farmers, Factors affecting integration of various enterprises of farming
for livelihood. Feasibility of different farming systems for different agro-climatic zones, Commercial
farming-based livelihood models by NABARD, ICAR and other organizations across the country,
Case studies on different livelihood enterprises associated with the farming. Risk and success factors
in farming-based livelihood systems, Schemes and programs by Central and State Government,
Public and Private organizations involved in promotion of farming-based livelihood opportunities.
Role of farming-based livelihood enterprises in 21st Century in view of circular economy, green
economy, climate change, digitalization and changing life style.
Rural Sociology and Educational Psychology {Click on Me}
Theory
Extension Education and Agricultural Extension: Meaning, definition, scope, and importance.
Sociology and rural sociology: Meaning, definition, scope, importance of rural sociology
in Agricultural Extension, and interrelationship between rural sociology and Agricultural
Extension. Indian Rural Society: important characteristics, differences and relationship between
rural and urban societies. Social Groups: Meaning, definition, classification, factors considered
information and organization of groups, motivation in group formation and role of social groups
in Agricultural Extension.
Social Stratification: Meaning, definition, functions, basis for stratification, forms of social
stratification- characteristics and- differences between class and caste system. Cultural concepts:
culture, customs, folkways, mores, taboos, rituals. Traditions: Meaning, definition and their role
in Agricultural Extension. Social Values and Attitudes: Meaning, definition, types and role of
social values and attitudes in agricultural Extension. Social Institutions: Meaning, definition,
major institutions in rural society, functions, and their role in agricultural Extension. Social
Organizations: Meaning, definition, types of organizations and role of social organizations in
agricultural Extension. Social Control: Meaning, definition, need of social control and means
of social control. Social change: Meaning, definition, nature of social change, dimensions of
social change and factors of social change. Leadership: Meaning, definition, classification, roles
of leader, different methods of selection of professional and lay leaders. Training of Leaders:
Meaning, definition, methods of training, Advantages and limitations in use of local leaders in
Agricultural Extension, Psychology and educational psychology: Meaning, definition, scope,
and importance of educational psychology in Agricultural Extension. Intelligence: Meaning,
definition, types, factors affecting intelligence and importance of intelligence in Agricultural
Extension. Personality: Meaning, definition, types, factors influencing the personality and role
of personality in agricultural Extension. Teaching: Learning process: Meaning and definition of
teaching, learning, learning experience and learning situation, elements of learning situation and
its characteristics. Principles of learning and their implication of teaching.
Fundamentals of Agronomy {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Agronomy and its scope: Definition, meaning and scope of Agronomy; art, science and business of crop production, relation of Agronomy with other disciplines of Agricultural Science, fields crops and classification, importance, ecology and ecosystem. Seeds and sowing: Definitions of crops, variety and seed. Factors affecting crop stands establishment: good quality seed, proper tillage, time of sowing seed rate, depth and method of sowing: broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, transplanting etc. Tillage and tilth: Definition, objectives, types, advantages and disadvantages of tillage including conservation tillage. Crop density and geometry: plant geometry and planting geometry, its effect on growth, yield. Crop nutrition: Definition of essential nutrients, criteria of essentiality, functional elements, classification of essential nutrients, role of macro and micro nutrients. Nutrient absorption, active and passive absorption of nutrients, forms of plant nutrients absorbed by plants, Combined /uncombined forms. Manures and fertilizers, nutrient use efficiency: Sources of nutrients: Inorganic (fertilizers), organic (manures) and bio-fertilizers; their classification and characteristics, method of preparation and role of organic manures in crop production. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): Meaning, different approaches and advantages of INM. Green manure- role in crop production: Definition, objectives types of green manuring, desirable characteristics, advantages and limitations of green manuring. Water management: Water resources of the world, India and the state; Soil Moisture constants: gravitational water, capillary water, hygroscopic water, Soil moisture constants. Weeds: Definition, Importance and basics of classification of weeds and their control. Agroclimatic zones of India and the state, cropping systems: Factors affecting cropping systems, major cropping patterns and systems in the country. Sustainable crop production: Definition, importance and practices, natural resources and conservation pollution and pollutants, Allelopathy: Meaning and importance in crop production, Growth and development of crops: Definition, Meaning and factors affecting growth and development.
Theory Agronomy and its scope: Definition, meaning and scope of Agronomy; art, science and business of crop production, relation of Agronomy with other disciplines of Agricultural Science, fields crops and classification, importance, ecology and ecosystem. Seeds and sowing: Definitions of crops, variety and seed. Factors affecting crop stands establishment: good quality seed, proper tillage, time of sowing seed rate, depth and method of sowing: broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, transplanting etc. Tillage and tilth: Definition, objectives, types, advantages and disadvantages of tillage including conservation tillage. Crop density and geometry: plant geometry and planting geometry, its effect on growth, yield. Crop nutrition: Definition of essential nutrients, criteria of essentiality, functional elements, classification of essential nutrients, role of macro and micro nutrients. Nutrient absorption, active and passive absorption of nutrients, forms of plant nutrients absorbed by plants, Combined /uncombined forms. Manures and fertilizers, nutrient use efficiency: Sources of nutrients: Inorganic (fertilizers), organic (manures) and bio-fertilizers; their classification and characteristics, method of preparation and role of organic manures in crop production. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): Meaning, different approaches and advantages of INM. Green manure- role in crop production: Definition, objectives types of green manuring, desirable characteristics, advantages and limitations of green manuring. Water management: Water resources of the world, India and the state; Soil Moisture constants: gravitational water, capillary water, hygroscopic water, Soil moisture constants. Weeds: Definition, Importance and basics of classification of weeds and their control. Agroclimatic zones of India and the state, cropping systems: Factors affecting cropping systems, major cropping patterns and systems in the country. Sustainable crop production: Definition, importance and practices, natural resources and conservation pollution and pollutants, Allelopathy: Meaning and importance in crop production, Growth and development of crops: Definition, Meaning and factors affecting growth and development.
Fundamentals of Soil Science {Click on Me}
Theory
Soil: Pedological and edaphalogical concepts. Rocks and minerals, weathering, Silicate clays:
constitution and properties, sources of charge, ion exchange, cation and anion exchange capacity
and base saturation (after buffering capacity), Soil formation, Soil organic matter, Pedogenic
processes, Soil colloids: inorganic and organic, Properties of soil colloids and Ion exchange in
soils, Soil profile, soil texture, soil structure. Bulk density and particle density, soil consistency,
soil temperature, soil air, soil water. Soil reaction and buffering capacity. Soil taxonomy,
keys to soil orders. Soils of India.
Fundamentals of Horticulture {Click on Me}
Theory
Horticulture: Its different branches, importance and scope, Horticulture and botanical
classification, soil and climate for horticultural crops. Plant propagation: methods and propagation
structures, seed dormancy and seed germination, Merits and demerits of sexual and asexual
propagation Stock-scion relationship.
Principles of orchard establishment, principles and methods of training and pruning of fruit
crops, Juvenility and flower bud differentiation, unfruitfulness in horticultural crops, pollination,
pollinizers and pollinators, fertilization and parthenocarpy, importance of bio regulators in
horticultural crops, irrigation and its methods, Fertilizer application in horticultural crops.
National Service Scheme (NSS-I)/ National Cadet Corps (NCC-I) {Click on Me}
.....
Introductory mathematics {Click on Me}
Theory: Algebra: Progressions- Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Progressions. Matrices:
Definition of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Transpose and Inverse up to 3rd order
by adjoint method, Properties of determinants up to 3rd order and their evaluation.
Differential Calculus: Definition - Differentiation of function using first principle, Derivatives
of sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Methods, Increasing and Decreasing
Functions. Application of Differentiation- Growth rate, Average Cost, and Marginal cost, Marginal
Cost, Marginal Revenue. Partial differentiation: Homogeneous function, Euler’s theorem, Maxima
and Minima of the functions of the form y = f (x) and y = f (x1, x2).
Integral Calculus: Integration -Definite and Indefinite Integrals-Methods- Integration by
substitution, Integration by parts. Area under simple well-known curves.
Mathematical Models: Agricultural systems - Mathematical models - classification of
mathematical models- Fitting of Linear, quadratic and exponential models to experimental data..
IInd Semester
Skill Enhancement course-III* {Click on Me}
Seed Production and Testing Technology.
Skill Enhancement course-IV* {Click on Me}
Mushroom Production Technology.
Personality Development {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Personality Definition, Nature of personality, theories of personality and its types. The humanistic approach - Maslow’s self-actualization theory, shaping of personality, determinants of personality, Myers-Briggs Typology Indicator, Locus of control and performance, Type A and Type B Behaviours, personality and Organizational Behaviour. Foundations of individual behavior and factors influencing individual behavior, Models of individual behavior, Perception and attributes and factors affecting perception, Attribution theory and case studies on Perception and Attribution. Learning: Meaning and definition, theories and principles of learning, Learning and organizational behavior, Learning and training, learning feedback. Attitude and values, Intelligence- types of Intelligence, theories of intelligence, measurements of intelligence, factors influencing intelligence, intelligence and Organizational behavior, emotional intelligence. Motivation- theories and principles, Teamwork and group dynamics.
Theory Personality Definition, Nature of personality, theories of personality and its types. The humanistic approach - Maslow’s self-actualization theory, shaping of personality, determinants of personality, Myers-Briggs Typology Indicator, Locus of control and performance, Type A and Type B Behaviours, personality and Organizational Behaviour. Foundations of individual behavior and factors influencing individual behavior, Models of individual behavior, Perception and attributes and factors affecting perception, Attribution theory and case studies on Perception and Attribution. Learning: Meaning and definition, theories and principles of learning, Learning and organizational behavior, Learning and training, learning feedback. Attitude and values, Intelligence- types of Intelligence, theories of intelligence, measurements of intelligence, factors influencing intelligence, intelligence and Organizational behavior, emotional intelligence. Motivation- theories and principles, Teamwork and group dynamics.
Environmental Studies and Disaster Management {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to Environment - Environmental studies: Definition, scope and importance -
Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies - Segments of Environment - Spheres of Earth
- Lithosphere - Hydrosphere - Atmosphere - Different layers of atmosphere. Natural Resources:
Classification - Forest resources. Water resources. Mineral resources Food resources. Energy
resources. Land resources. Soil resources. Ecosystems: Concept of an ecosystem - Structure and
function of an ecosystem - Energy flow in the ecosystem. Types of ecosystem. Biodiversity and its
conservation: Introduction, definition, types. Biogeographical classification of India. Importance
and Value of biodiversity. Biodiversity hot spots. Threats and Conservation of biodiversity.
Environmental Pollution: Definition, cause, effects and control measures of: a. Air pollution.
b. Water pollution. c. Soil pollution. d. Marine pollution. e. Noise pollution. f. Thermal pollution h.
Light pollution. Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes and management methods,
Composting, Incineration, Pyrolysis, Biogas production, Causes, effects and control measures
of urban and industrial wastes. Social Issues and the Environment: Urban problems related to
energy. Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management. Environmental ethics:
Issues and possible solutions, climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion,
nuclear accidents and holocaust. Environment Protection Act. Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act. Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act. Wildlife Protection Act. Forest
Conservation Act. Human Population and the Environment: Environment and human health:
Human Rights, Value Education. Women and Child Welfare. Role of Information Technology in
Environment and human health.
Disaster management: Disaster definition - Types - Natural Disasters - Floods, drought,
cyclone, earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, Heat and cold waves. Man Made
Disasters: Nuclear disasters, chemical disasters, biological disasters, building fire, coal fire, forest
fire, oil fire, road accidents, rail accidents, air accidents, sea accidents. International and National
strategy for disaster reduction. Concept of disaster management, national disaster management
framework; financial arrangements; role of NGOs, community-based organizations and media in
disaster management. Central, state, district and local administration in disaster control; Armed
forces in disaster response; Police and other organizations in disaster management.
.
Soil Fertility Management {Click on Me}
Theory
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. criteria of essentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity
symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors affecting
nutrient availability to plants. Chemistry of macro and micronutrients. Soil fertility evaluation,
Soil testing. Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of nutrients in soil, plant analysis,
rapid plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Introduction and importance of manures and fertilizers.
Fertilizer recommendation approaches.
Integrated nutrient management. Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and
properties of major fertilizers, secondary and micronutrient fertilizers, Complex fertilizers, Customised fertilisers, water soluble fertilizers nano fertilizers Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order. Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops. Factor influencing nutrient use
efficiency (NUE), methods of application under rainfed and irrigated conditions. STCR/RTNM/
IPNS, Carbon sequestration and Carbon Trading, Preparation and properties of major manures
(FYM, Compost, Vermicompost, Green manuring, Oilcakes).
.
Fundamentals of Entomology {Click on Me}
Theory
History of Entomology in India. Major points related to dominance of Insects in Animal
kingdom. Classification of phylum Arthropoda up to classes. Relationship of class Insects with
other classes of Arthropoda. Morphology: Structure and functions of insect cuticle and molting.
Body segmentation. Structure of head, thorax and abdomen. Structure and modifications of
insect antennae, mouth parts, legs, Wing venation, modifications and wing coupling apparatus.
Metamorphosis and diapause in insects. Types of larvae and pupae. Structure and functions of
digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, secretary (Endocrine) and reproductive
system, in insects. Types of reproduction in insects. Major sensory organs. Insect Ecology:
Introduction, Environment and its components. Effect of abiotic factors and biotic factors.
Categories of pests. Systematics: Taxonomy – importance, history and development and binomial
nomenclature. Definitions of Biotype, Sub-species, Species, Genus, Family and Order. Classification
of class Insecta up to Orders, basic groups of present day insects with special emphasis to orders
and families of Agricultural importance like Orthoptera: Acrididae, Tettigoniidae, Gryllidae,
Gryllotalpidae; Dictyoptera: Mantidae, Blattidae; Odonata; Isoptera: Termitidae; Thysanoptera:
Thripidae; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Cimicidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Lygaeidae,
Cicadellidae, Delphacidae, Aphididae, Coccidae, Lophophidae, Aleurodidae, Pseudococcidae;
Neuroptera: Chrysopidae; Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Papiloinidae, Noctuidae, Sphingidae, Pyralidae,
Gelechiidae, Arctiidae, Saturnidae, Bombycidae; Coleoptera: Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae,
Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Bruchidae, Scarabaeidae; Hymenoptera: Tenthridinidae, Apidae.
Trichogrammatidae, lchneumonidae, Braconidae, Chalcididae; Diptera: Cecidomyiidae,
Tachinidae, Agromyziidae, Culicidae, Muscidae, Tephritidae.
Livestock and Poultry Management {Click on Me}
Theory
Role of livestock in the national economy. Reproduction in farm animals and poultry.
Housing principles, space requirements for different species of livestock and poultry.
Management of calves, growing heifers and milch animals. Management of sheep, goat and
swine. Incubation, hatching and brooding. Management of growers and layers. Important
Indian and exotic breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, swine and poultry. Improvement of
farm animals and poultry. Digestion in livestock and poultry. Classification of feedstuffs.
Proximate principles of feed. Nutrients and their functions. Feed ingredients for ration for
livestock and poultry. Feed supplements and feed additives. Feeding of livestock and poultry.
Introduction of livestock and poultry diseases. Prevention (including vaccination schedule)
and control of important diseases of livestock and poultry.
Fundamentals of Plant Pathology {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to Plant Pathology: Concept of disease in plants; Different terms used in Plant
Pathology, History of Plant Pathology with special references to India; Causes of plant disease:
Inanimate and animate causes; Classification of plant disease; Parasitism and pathogenesis;
Development of disease in plants: Disease Triangle, Disease cycle; Fungi and their morphology,
reproduction and classification of fungi; Bacteria: Morphology, reproduction classification of
phytopathogenic bacteria; Other plant pathogens: Mollicutes; Flagellant protozoa; FVB; Green algae and parasitic higher plants; Viruses and viroids, virus transmission; Principles of Plant disease
management: Disease management with chemicals, Host resistance, cultural and biological method
of Integrated Disease Management (IDM)..
NCC-II/NSS-II {Click on Me}
Your_text_is_here.
IIIrd Semester
Skill Enhancement course-V* {Click on Me}
Soil, Plant and Water Testing.
Entrepreneurship Development and Business Communication {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Development of entrepreneurship, motivational factors, social factors, environmental
factors, characteristics of entrepreneurs, entrepreneurial attributes/competencies. Concept, need
for and importance of entrepreneurial development. Evolution of entrepreneurship, objectives
of entrepreneurial activities, types of entrepreneurs, functions of entrepreneurs, importance
of entrepreneurial development, and process of entrepreneurship development. Environment
scanning and opportunity identification need for scanning: spotting of opportunity, scanning of
environment identification of product / service: starting a project; factors influencing sensing the
opportunities. Infrastructure and support systems: good policies, schemes for entrepreneurship
development; role of financial institutions, and other agencies in entrepreneurship development.
Steps involved in functioning of an enterprise. Selection of the product / services, selection of
form of ownership; registration, selection of site, capital sources, acquisition of manufacturing
know how, packaging and distribution. Planning of an enterprise, project identification, selection,
and formulation of project; project report preparation, Enterprise Management. Production
management: product, levels of products, product mix, quality control, cost of production,
production controls, Material management. Production management: raw material costing,
inventory control. Personal management: manpower planning, labour turn over, wages / salaries.
Financial management /accounting: funds, fixed capital and working capital, costing and pricing,
long term planning and short-term planning, book keeping, journal, ledger, subsidiary books,
annual financial statement, taxation. Marketing management: market, types, marketing assistance,
market strategies. Crisis management: raw material, production, leadership, market, finance,
natural etc..
Physical Education, First Aid, Yoga Practices and Meditation {Click on Me}
Practical
Physical education; Training and Coaching - Meaning and Concept; Methods of Training;
aerobic and aerobic exercises; Calisthenics, weight training, circuit training, interval training,
Fartlek training; Effects of Exercise on Muscular, Respiratory, Circulatory and Digestive systems;
Balanced Diet and Nutrition: Effects of Diet on Performance; Physiological changes due to ageing
and role of regular exercise on ageing process; Personality, its dimensions and types; Role of sports
in personality development; Motivation and Achievements in Sports; Learning and Theories of
learning; Adolescent Problems and its Management; Posture; Postural Deformities; Exercises for
good posture.
Yoga; History of Yog, Types of Yog, Introduction to Yog,
• Asanas (Definition and Importance) Padmasan,san, Vajrajasan, Shashankasan,
Pashchimotasan, Ushtrasan, Tadasan, Padhastasan, Ardhchandrasan, Bhujangasan,
Utanpadasan, Sarvangasan, Parvatasan, Patangasan, Shishupalanasan – left leg-right leg,
Pavanmuktasan, Halasan, Sarpasan, Ardhdhanurasan, Sawasan
• Suryanamskar Pranayama (Definition and Importance) Omkar, Suryabhedan, Chandrabhedan,
AnulomVilom, Shitali, Shitkari, Bhastrika, Bhramari
• Meditation (Definition and Importance), Yogic Kriyas (Kapalbhati), Tratak, Jalneti and
Tribandh
• Mudras (Definition and Importance) Gyanmudra, Dhyanmudra, Vayumudra, Akashmudra,
Pruthvimudra, Shunyamudra, Suryamudra, Varunmudra, Pranmudra, Apanmudra, Vyanmudra,
Uddanmudra
• Role of yoga in sports
• Teaching of Asanas – demonstration, practice, correction and practice.
History of sports and ancient games, Governance of sports in India; Important national
sporting events; Awards in Sports; History, latest rules, measurements of playfield, specifications
of equipment, skill, technique, style and coaching of major games (Cricket, football, table Tennis,
Badminton, Volleyball, Basketball, Kabaddi and Kho-Kho) and Athletics
Need and requirement of first aid. First Aid equipment and upkeep. First aid Techniques, First
aid related with Respiratory system. First aid related with Heart, Blood and Circulation. First aid
related with Wounds and Injuries. First aid related with Bones, Joints Muscle related injuries. First
aid related with Nervous system and Unconsciousness. First aid related with Gastrointestinal Tract.
First aid related with Skin, Burns. First aid related with Poisoning. First aid related with Bites and
Stings. First aid related with Sense organs, Handling and transport of injured traumatized persons.
Sports injuries and their treatments..
Principles of Genetics {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Pre and post Mendelian concepts of heredity, Mendelian principles of heredity, Study of model
organisms (Drosophila, Arabidopsis, Garden pea, E. coli, and mice), Architecture of chromosomes,
chromonemata, chromosome matrix, chromomeres, centromere, secondary constriction and
telomere, special types of chromosomes, Chromosomal theory of inheritance- cell cycle and cell
division-mitosis and meiosis. Probabilit and Chi-square. Types of DNA and RNA, Dominance
relationships, Epistatic interactions with example, Introduction and definition of cytology, genetics
and cytogenetics and their interrelation.
Multiple alleles, pleiotropism and pseudoalleles, Sex determination and sex linkage, sex
limited and sex influenced traits, Blood group genetics, Linkage and its estimation, crossing over
mechanism, chromosome mapping, Structural and numerical variations in chromosomes and their
implications, Use of haploids, dihaploids and double haploids in Genetics, Mutation, classification,
Methods of inducing mutations, mutagenic agents and induction of mutation. Qualitative and
quantitative traits, Polygenes and continuous variations, multiple factor hypothesis, Cytoplasmic
inheritance, Nature, structure and replication of genetic material, Protein synthesis, Transcription
and translational mechanism of genetic material, Gene concept: Gene structure, function and
regulation..
Crop Production Technology-I (Kharif crops) {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of Kharif crops. Cereals- rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet and other minor millets, pulses- pigeonpea, mungbean and urdbean; oilseedsgroundnut, soybean, sesame, castor; fibre crops- cotton and jute; forage crops- sorghum, cowpea, cluster bean, maize, guinea and napier..
Theory Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of Kharif crops. Cereals- rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, finger millet and other minor millets, pulses- pigeonpea, mungbean and urdbean; oilseedsgroundnut, soybean, sesame, castor; fibre crops- cotton and jute; forage crops- sorghum, cowpea, cluster bean, maize, guinea and napier..
Production Technology of Fruit and Plantation Crops {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Production status of fruit and plantation crops: Importance and scope of fruit and
plantation crop industry in India; nutritional value of fruit crops; classification of fruit crops; area, production, productivity and export potential of fruit and plantation crops. Crop
production techniques in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruit crops: Climate and soil
requirements, varieties, propagation and use of rootstocks, planting density and systems
of planting: High density and ultra-high density planting, cropping systems, after care –
training and pruning; water, nutrient and weed management, fertigation, special horticultural
techniques, plant growth regulation, important disorders, maturity indices and harvest, value
addition.
Fruit crops: mango, banana, papaya, guava, sapota, citrus, grape, litchi, pineapple, pomegranate,
apple, pear, peach, strawberry, nut crops Jackfruit and minor fruits- date, ber, apple, plantation
crops-coconut, arecanut, cashew, tea, coffee and rubber.
Crop production techniques in palms and plantation crops: Climate and soil requirements,
varieties, propagation, nursery management, planting and planting systems, cropping systems, after
care, training and pruning for plantation crops, water, nutrient and weed management, intercropping,
multi-tier cropping system, mulching, special horticultural practices, maturity indices, harvest and
yield, pests and diseases, processing- value addition
Palms: Coconut, Arecanut, Oil palm and Palmyrah, Plantation crops: Tea, Coffee, Cocoa,
Cashewnut, Rubber..
Fundamentals of Extension Education {Click on Me}
Theory
Education: Meaning, definition and Types; Extension Education: meaning, definition, scope
and process; objectives and principles of Extension Education; Extension Programme planning:
Meaning, Process, Principles and Steps in Programme Development. Extension systems in India:
extension efforts in pre-independence era (Sriniketan, Marthandam, Firka Development Scheme,
Gurgaon Experiment, etc.) and post-independence era (Etawah Pilot Project, Nilokheri Experiment,
etc.); Reorganised Extension System (T&V system) various extension/ agriculture development
programs launched by ICAR/ Govt. of India (IADP, IAAP, HYVP, KVK, IVLP, ORP, ND, NATP,
NAIP, etc.). Social Justice and poverty alleviation programme: ITDA, IRDP/SGSY/NRLM. Women
Development Programme: RMK, MSY etc. New trends in agriculture extension: privatization
extension, cyber extension/ e-extension, market-led extension, farmer-led extension, expert systems,
etc., Attributes of Innovation, DWCRA, Commodity Interest Groups (CIGs)., Farmers Producer
Group (FPG).
Rural Development: concept, meaning, definition; various rural development programs
launched by Govt. of India. Community Development: meaning, definition, concept and principles,
Philosophy of C.D. Rural Leadership: concept and definition, types of leaders in rural context;
Method of identification of Rural Leader. Extension administration: meaning and concept,
principles and functions. Monitoring and evaluation: concept and definition, monitoring and
evaluation of extension programs; transfer of technology: concept and models, capacity building
of extension personnel; extension teaching methods: meaning, classification, individual, group and
mass contact methods, ICT Applications in TOT (New and Social Media), media mix strategies;
communication: meaning and definition; Principles and Functions of Communication, models and
barriers to communication. Agriculture journalism; diffusion and adoption of innovation: concept
and meaning, process and stages of adoption, adopter categories..
Fundamentals of Nematology {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction: History of phytonematology, habitat and diversity, economic importance of
nematodes. General characteristics of plant parasitic nematodes. Nematode: definition, general
morphology and biology. Classification of nematodes up to family level with emphasis on groups
containing economically important genera. Classification of nematodes on the basis of feeding/
parasitic habit. Symptomatology, role of nematodes in disease development, Interaction between
plant parasitic nematodes and disease-causing fungi, bacteria and viruses. Nematode pests of crops:
Rice, wheat, vegetables, pulses, oilseed and fiber crops, citrus and banana, tea, coffee and coconut.
Different methods of nematode management: Cultural methods, physical; methods, Biological
methods, Chemical methods, Plant Quarantine, Plant resistance and INM. .
Principles and Practices of Natural Farming {Click on Me}
Theory
Indian Heritage of Ancient Agriculture, History of Natural Farming, Importance of
natural farming in view of climate change, soil health, water use carbon sequestration,
biodiversity conservation, food security and nutritional security, and sustainable development
goals (SDGs), Concept of natural farming; Definition of natural farming; Objective of
natural farming, Essential characteristics and Principles of natural farming; Scope and
importance of natural farming. Main Pillars of natural farming; Methods/ types/schools of
natural farming. Characteristics and design of a natural farm, Concept of ecological balance,
ecological engineering and community responsibility in natural versus other farming systems,
Introduction to concept of ecological, water, carbon and nitrogen foot prints, Concept and
evaluation of ecosystem services, integration of crops, trees and animals, cropping system
approaches, Biodiversity, indigenous seed production, farm waste recycling, water conservation
and renewable energy use approaches on a natural farm, Rearing practices for animals under
natural farming, Nutrient management in natural farming and their sources, Insect, pest, disease
and weed management under natural farming; Mechanization in natural farming, Processing,
labelling, economic considerations and viability, certification and standards in natural farming,
marketing and export potential of natural farming produce and products. Initiatives taken by
Government (central/state), NGOs and other organizations for promotion of natural farming
and chemical free agriculture, Case studies and success stories in natural farming and chemical
free traditional farming, Entrepreneurship opportunities in natural farming..
IVth Semester
Skill Enhancement course-VI* {Click on Me}
Post-harvest Processing Technology.
Agricultural Informatics and Artificial Intelligence {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Introduction to Computers, Anatomy of Computers, Memory Concepts, Units of Memory,
Operating System: Definition and types, Applications of MS-Office for creating, Editing and
Formatting a document, Data presentation, Tabulation and graph creation, Statistical analysis,
Mathematical expressions, Database, concepts and types, creating data base, Uses of DBMS in
Agriculture. Internet and World Wide Web (WWW): Concepts and components.
Computer programming: General concepts, Introduction general programming
concepts. Concepts and standard input/output operations. e-Agriculture, Concepts, design
and development, Application of innovative ways to use information and communication
technologies (IT) in Agriculture. Computer Models in Agriculture: Statistical, weather analysis
and crop simulation models, concepts, inputs-outputs files, limitation, advantages and application
of models for understanding plant processes, sensitivity, verification, calibration and validation,
IT applications for computation of water and nutrient requirement of crops, Computer-controlled
devices (automated systems) for Agri-input management. Smartphone mobile apps in agriculture
for farm advice: Market price, post-harvest management etc. Geospatial technology: Concepts,
techniques, components and uses for generating valuable agri-information. Decision support
systems: Concepts, components and applications in Agriculture. Agriculture Expert System,
Soil Information Systems etc., for supporting farm decisions. Preparation of contingent crop planning and crop calendars using IT tools. Digital India and schemes to promote digitalization
of agriculture in India.
Introduction to artificial intelligence, background and applications, Turing test. Control
strategies, Breadth-first search, Depth-first search, Heuristics search techniques: Best-first search, A*
algorithm, IoT and Big Data; Use of AI in agriculture for autonomous crop management, and health,
monitoring livestock health, intelligent pesticide application, yield mapping and predictive analysis,
automatic weeding and harvesting, sorting of produce, and other food processing applications;
Concepts of smart agriculture, use of AI in food and nutrition science etc..
Production Technology of Vegetables and Spices {Click on Me}
Theory
Importance of vegetables and spices in human nutrition and national economy, kitchen
gardening, brief about origin, area, climate, soil, improved varieties and cultivation practices such as time of sowing, transplanting techniques, planting distance, fertilizer requirements, irrigation,
weed management, harvesting and yield, physiological disorders of important vegetable and spices
(tomato, okra, brinjal, chili, capsicum, cucumber, bitter gourd , bottle gourd, sweet potato, cassava
and moringa, pumpkin, French bean, peas; cole crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol; bulb
crops such as onion, garlic; root crops such as carrot, radish, beetroot; tuber crops such as potato;
leafy vegetables such as amaranth, palak, perennial vegetables, spice crops like turmeric, zinger,
garlic, coriander, cumin, black pepper, cardamom, fenugreek, fennel, clove, nutmeg, cinnamon,
curry leaf, tamarind and herbal spices)..
Principles of Agricultural Economics and Farm Management {Click on Me}
Theory
Economics: Meaning, scope and subject matter, definitions, activities, approaches to economic
analysis; micro- and macro-economics, positive and normative analysis. Nature of economic theory;
rationality assumption, concept of equilibrium, economic laws as generalization of human behavior.
Basic concepts: Goods and services, desire, want, demand, utility, cost and price, wealth, capital,
income and welfare. Agricultural economics: meaning, definition, characteristics of agriculture,
importance and its role in economic development. Agricultural planning and development in the
country. Demand: meaning, law of demand, demand schedule and demand curve, determinants,
utility theory; law of diminishing marginal utility, equi-marginal utility principle. Consumer’s
equilibrium and derivation of demand curve, concept of consumer surplus. Elasticity of demand:
concept and measurement of price elasticity, income elasticity and cross elasticity. Production:
process, creation of utility, factors of production, input output relationship. Laws of returns: Law
of variable proportions and law of returns to scale. Cost: Cost concepts, short run and long run
cost curves. Supply: Stock v/s supply, law of supply, supply schedule, supply curve, determinants
of supply, elasticity of supply. Distribution theory: meaning, factor market and pricing of factors of
production. Concepts of rent, wage, interest and profit. National income: Meaning and importance, circular flow, concepts of national income accounting and approaches to measurement, difficulties in
measurement. Population: Importance, Malthusian and Optimum population theories, natural and
socio-economic determinants, current policies and programs on population control. Money: Barter
system of exchange and its problems, evolution, meaning and functions of money, classification of
money, money supply, general price index, inflation and deflation. Economic systems: Concepts
of economy and its functions, important features of capitalistic, socialistic and mixed economies,
elements of economic planning. Forms of business organizations, international trade and balance of
payments. GST and its implication on Indian economy..
Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi Crops) {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory: Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of Rabi crops. Cereals- wheat and barley. Pulseschickpea, lentil, peas. Rabi redgram and, rajmash. Oilseed- rapeseed, mustard, sunflower, safflower; and linseed. Sugar crops-sugarcane and sugar beet. Medicinal and aromatic crops- mentha, lemon grass and citronella. Forage crops –barseem, lucerne and oat; potato, quinoa, tobacco..
Theory: Origin, geographical distribution, economic importance, soil and climatic requirements, varieties, cultural practices and yield of Rabi crops. Cereals- wheat and barley. Pulseschickpea, lentil, peas. Rabi redgram and, rajmash. Oilseed- rapeseed, mustard, sunflower, safflower; and linseed. Sugar crops-sugarcane and sugar beet. Medicinal and aromatic crops- mentha, lemon grass and citronella. Forage crops –barseem, lucerne and oat; potato, quinoa, tobacco..
Farm Machinery and Power {Click on Me}
Theory
Status of Farm Power in India; Sources of Farm Power, I.C. engines, working principles of I C
engines; comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines, Study of different components of
I.C. engine, I.C. engine terminology and solved problems; Familiarization with different systems
of I.C. engines: Air cleaning, cooling, lubrication, fuel supply and hydraulic control system of a
tractor; Familiarization with Power transmission system : clutch; gear box, differential and final
drive of a tractor; Tractor types; Cost analysis of tractor power and attached implement; Criteria
for selection of tractor and machine implements. Familiarization with Primary and Secondary
Tillage implement; Implement for hill agriculture; implement for intercultural operations;
Familiarization with sowing and planting equipment; calibration of a seed drill and solved
examples; Familiarization with Plant Protection equipment; Familiarization with harvesting and
threshing equipment..
Water Management {Click on Me}
Theory
Irrigation: definition and objectives; Importance: Function of water for plant growth, water
resources and irrigation development for different crops in India; Soil plant water relationships;
Available and unavailable soil moisture, distribution of soil moisture, water budgeting, rooting
characteristics, moisture extraction pattern, effect of moisture stress on crop growth. Methods of
soil moisture estimation, evapotranspiration and crop water requirement; effective rainfall, different
approaches of scheduling of irrigation; Methods of irrigation: surface and sub-surface, pressurized
methods, viz., sprinkler and drip irrigation, their suitability, merits and limitations, fertigation,
economic use of irrigation water; Layout of different irrigation systems, Irrigation efficiency and
water use efficiency, conjunctive use of water, irrigation water quality and its management. Water
management of different crops (rice, wheat, maize, groundnut, sugarcane, mango, banana and
tomato); quality of irrigation water, irrigation management practices for different soils and crops,
drip, sprinkler. Layout of underground pipeline system, Irrigation automation, Artificial Intelligence
and climate-based irrigation practices and its management.
.
Problematic Soils and their management {Click on Me}
GEt Notes
Theory
Soil quality and health, Distribution of Waste land and problem soils in India, Categorization
of Problem soils based on properties. Reclamation and management of Acid soils, Saline, Sodic
soils, Acid Sulphate soils, Eroded and Compacted soils, polluted soils. Contaminated soils (Pesticide
contamination, Heavy metal contamination), Mined soils (Coal mined, Oil mined), Management of
Riverine soils, Waterlogged soils, Irrigation water – quality and standards, utilization of saline water
in agriculture. Use of Remote sensing and GIS in diagnosis and management of problem soils.
Irrigation and water quality. Multipurpose tree (MPT) species, bio remediation through
MPTs of soils, land capability and classification, land suitability classification.
Basics of Plant Breeding {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Historical development, concept, nature and role of plant breeding, major achievements and
future prospects; Genetics in relation to plant breeding, modes of reproduction and apomixes, selfincompatibility and male-sterility-genetic consequences, cultivar options, Plant genetic resources,
its utilization and conservation Domestication, Acclimatization and Introduction. Centres of origin/
diversity, Components of Genetic variation. Heritability and genetic advance. Pre-breeding and
Universal Plant Breeder’s equation. Genetic basis and breeding methods in self-pollinated cropsmass and pure line selection, hybridization techniques and handling of segregating population.
Multiline concept, Concepts of population genetics and Hardy-Weinberg Law, Genetic basis and
methods of breeding cross-pollinated crops, modes of selection. Population movement schemesEar to Row method, Modified Ear to Row, recurrent selection schemes. Heterosis and inbreeding
depression, development of inbred lines and hybrids, composite and synthetic varieties. Breeding
methods in asexually propagated crops, clonal selection and hybridization. Wide hybridization
and pre-breeding. Polyploidy in relation to plant breeding, mutation breeding- methods and uses.
Breeding for important biotic and abiotic stresses. Participatory plant breeding. Variety Release
and notification. Intellectual Property Rights, Patenting, Plant Breeders and Farmer’s Rights. .
Vth Semester
Agricultural Marketing and Trade {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Agricultural Marketing: Concepts and definitions of market, marketing, agricultural
marketing, market structure, marketing mix and market segmentation, classification and
characteristics of agricultural markets; Demand, supply and producer’s surplus of agri
commodities: nature and determinants of demand and supply of farm products, producer’s surplus
– meaning and its types, marketable and marketed surplus, factors affecting marketable surplus
of agri-commodities; Pricing and promotion strategies: pricing considerations and approaches
– cost based and competition based pricing; market promotion – advertising, personal selling,
sales promotion and publicity – meaning, merits and demerits; Marketing process and functions:
Marketing process concentration, dispersion and equalization; exchange functions – buying and
selling; physical functions – storage, transport and processing; facilitating functions – packaging,
branding, grading, quality control and labelling (Agmark); Market functionaries and marketing
channels: Types and importance of agencies involved in agricultural marketing; meaning and
definition of marketing channel; number of channel levels; marketing channels for different farm
products; Integration, efficiency, costs and price spread: Meaning, definition and types of market
integration; marketing efficiency; marketing costs, margins and price spread; factors affecting
cost of marketing; reasons for higher marketing costs of farm commodities; ways of reducing
marketing costs; Role of Govt. in agricultural marketing: Public sector institutions- CWC, SWC,
FCI, CACP and DMI – their objectives and functions; cooperative marketing in India; Risk in
marketing: Types of risk in marketing; speculation and hedging; an overview of futures trading;
Agricultural prices and policy: Meaning and functions of price; administered prices; need for
innovations in agricultural price policy; Trade: Concept of International Trade and its need,
theories of absolute and comparative advantage. Present status and prospects of international
trade in agri-commodities; WTO; Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and its implications on
Indian agriculture; IPR; Role of government in agricultural marketing; Role of APMC and its
relevance in the present day context. .
Introduction to Agro-meteorology {Click on Me}
Theory
Meaning and scope of agricultural meteorology; Earth atmosphere: its composition,
extent and structure; Atmospheric weather variables; Atmospheric pressure, its variation with
height; Wind, types of wind, daily and seasonal variation of wind speed, cyclone, anticyclone,
land breeze and sea breeze; Nature and properties of solar radiation, solar constant, depletion
of solar radiation, short wave, longwave and thermal radiation, net radiation, albedo;
Atmospheric temperature, temperature inversion, lapse rate, daily and seasonal variations
of temperature, vertical profile of temperature, Application of Thermal time concept and
Crop/Pest weather calendar; Energy balance of earth; Atmospheric humidity, concept of
saturation, vapour pressure, process of condensation, formation of dew, fog, mist, frost,
cloud; Precipitation, process of precipitation, types of precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet,
and hail, cloud formation and classification; Artificial rainmaking. Monsoon- mechanism
and importance in Indian agriculture; Weather hazards - drought, floods, frost, tropical
cyclones and extreme weather conditions such as heat-wave and cold-wave; Agriculture and
weather relations; Modifications of crop microclimate, climatic normal for crop and livestock production. Weather forecasting- types of weather forecast and their uses. Climate change,
climatic variability, global warming, causes of climate change and its impact on regional and
national agriculture..
Fundamentals of Crop Physiology {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Definitions of plant physiology and crop physiology; Importance of crop physiology;
Relationship of crop physiology with other branches of crop science; Diffusion and osmosis;
Physiological roles of water to crop plants; Definition of water potential and components of water
potential; Water absorption by plants: Concept of active and passive absorption; Water loss by
plants: Types of water loss: transpiration, stomatal physiology and guttation; Water use efficiency;
Essential and beneficial elements; Passive and active transport of mineral element; Functions
of essential elements; Criteria of essentiality of nutrients; Correction measures for nutrient
deficiency symptoms; Foliar nutrition and root feeding – significance; Aeroponics Imbibition;
Field capacity, permanent wilting point and available soil moisture; Apoplast, symplast and
transmembrane, Ascent of sap – theories and mechanism; Soil-plant-atmospheric continuum.
Significance of transpiration. Stomatal opening and closing mechanisms. Definition of Cavitation
and embolism. Antitranspirants - types and examples. Hydroponics and sand culture. Overview
of plant cell - organelle and their functions. Brief outline of: Photosynthetic apparatus, pigment system, quantum requirement and quantum yield; Structure of chloroplast, Examples of different
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins etc.), Difference between
chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, Structure of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, Short discussion on
quantum requirement and quantum yield, Red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, Pigment
system I and II.
Introduction to light reaction of photosynthesis, Light absorption by photosynthetic
pigments and transfer of energy. Source of O2
during photosynthesis: Hill reaction; Brief
introduction to cyclic and non-cyclic photo-phosphorylation: production of assimilatory
powers; Introduction to C3
, C4
and CAM pathways: Calvin Cycle, Hatch and Slack Cycle,
CAM Cycle; Significance of these pathways (concept of photorespiration, absence of
photorespiration in C4
plant: Productivity of C4
plant, CAM: an adaptive mechanism);
Factors affecting photosynthesis (light, temperature, CO2
, O2 etc.). Outline of the process
of respiration: Definition and importance, Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle and ETC, Factors
affecting respiration (O2
, temperature, CO2
etc.). Terminologies / Definitions: Growth,
Development and Differentiation. Measurement of plant growth (fresh weight, dry weight,
linear dimension, area etc.). Introduction to CGR, RGR, NAR etc. Photoperiodism:
Photoperiodic Classification of plants: Short Day Plant, Long Day Plant, Day Neutral plant
etc. Introduction to Photoperiodic induction site of photo-inductive perception, Role of
Phytochrome Introduction to Vernalization (What is vernalization, devernalization etc.),
Meaning, classification (seasonal, sequential etc), relation with abscission. Physiological
and biochemical changes during senescence, Abscission and its significance, Concept of
stay green, Hormonal regulation of senescence. Terminologies / Definitions: Plant hormone,
Plant growth regulators (PGR), Plant growth inhibitor. Recognized classes of PGR (Auxins,
Gibberellins, Cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic acid) and their major physiological roles,
Agricultural uses of PGRs (IBA, NAA, 2, 4 –D, GAs, Kinetin etc)..
Pest management in Crops and Stored Grains {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
General description on nature and type of damage by different arthropod pests; Scientific
name, order, family, host range, distribution, biology and bionomics; Nature of damage and
management of major insect pests of various field crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, plantation
crops, ornamental crops, spices and condiments. Structural entomology and important
household pests, their nature of damage and management. Factors affecting loss of stored
grains. Insect pests, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grains
and their management. Storage structures and methods of grain storage and fundamental
principles of stored grains management. Management of non insect pest of mites, snails and
slugs, Concept of IPM, Practices, scope and limitations of IPM. Classification of insecticides,
toxicity of insecticides and formulations of insecticides, Biorational pesticides including insect
repellents, antifeedants, Use of drones and AI in pest management, .
Diseases of Field & Horticultural
Crops & their Management {Click on Me}
Get Notes[Part-I]
Get Notes [Part-II]
Theory Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle, epidemiology and management of major diseases of the following field and horticultural crops: Field crops- Rice (blast, brown spot, sheath blight, false smut, bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak, tungro, khaira); Wheat (rusts, loose smut, Karnal bunt); Maize (banded leaf and sheath blight, southern and northern blight, downy mildew); Sorghum (smuts, grain mold, anthracnose); Bajra (downy mildew, ergot) and Finger millet (blast, leaf spot); Groundnut (early and late leaf spots, rust, wilt); Soybean (rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot, mosaic); Grams (Ascochyta blight, wilt, grey mold); Pea (downy mildew, powdery mildew, rust); Black gram and Green gram (web blight, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, yellow mosaic); Sugarcane (red rot, smut, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, PokahBoeng); Mustard (Alternaria blight, white rust, downy mildew, sclerotinia stem rot) and Sunflower (sclerotinia stem rot, Alternaria blight); Cotton (anthracnose, vascular wilts, black arm). Horticultural crops: Citrus (canker, gummosis) and Guava (wilt, anthracnose); Banana (sigatoka, Panama wilt, bacterial wilt, bunchy top); Papaya (foot rot, leaf curl, mosaic) and Pomegranate (bacterial blight); Apple (scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, crown gall) and Peach (leaf curl); Grapevine (downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose) and Strawberry (leaf spot); Coconut (bud rot, Ganoderma wilt), Tea (blister blight) and Coffee (rust); Mango (anthracnose, malformation, bacterial blight, powdery mildew); Potato (early and late blight, black scurf, leaf roll, mosaic) and Tomato (damping off, wilt, early and late blight, leaf curl, mosaic); Brinjal (phomopsis blight and fruit rot, sclerotinia blight) and Chilli (anthracnose and fruit rot, wilt, leaf curl); Cucurbits (powdery and downy mildew, wilts) and Cruciferous vegetables (Alternaria leaf spot, black rot, cauliflower mosaic); Beans (anthracnose, bacterial blight) and Okra (yellow vein mosaic); Ginger (soft rot), Turmeric (leaf Spot) and Coriander (stem gall); Rose (dieback, powdery mildew, black leaf spot) and Marigold (botrytis blight, leaf spots)..
Theory Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle, epidemiology and management of major diseases of the following field and horticultural crops: Field crops- Rice (blast, brown spot, sheath blight, false smut, bacterial leaf blight, bacterial leaf streak, tungro, khaira); Wheat (rusts, loose smut, Karnal bunt); Maize (banded leaf and sheath blight, southern and northern blight, downy mildew); Sorghum (smuts, grain mold, anthracnose); Bajra (downy mildew, ergot) and Finger millet (blast, leaf spot); Groundnut (early and late leaf spots, rust, wilt); Soybean (rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot, mosaic); Grams (Ascochyta blight, wilt, grey mold); Pea (downy mildew, powdery mildew, rust); Black gram and Green gram (web blight, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, yellow mosaic); Sugarcane (red rot, smut, grassy shoot, ratoon stunting, PokahBoeng); Mustard (Alternaria blight, white rust, downy mildew, sclerotinia stem rot) and Sunflower (sclerotinia stem rot, Alternaria blight); Cotton (anthracnose, vascular wilts, black arm). Horticultural crops: Citrus (canker, gummosis) and Guava (wilt, anthracnose); Banana (sigatoka, Panama wilt, bacterial wilt, bunchy top); Papaya (foot rot, leaf curl, mosaic) and Pomegranate (bacterial blight); Apple (scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, crown gall) and Peach (leaf curl); Grapevine (downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose) and Strawberry (leaf spot); Coconut (bud rot, Ganoderma wilt), Tea (blister blight) and Coffee (rust); Mango (anthracnose, malformation, bacterial blight, powdery mildew); Potato (early and late blight, black scurf, leaf roll, mosaic) and Tomato (damping off, wilt, early and late blight, leaf curl, mosaic); Brinjal (phomopsis blight and fruit rot, sclerotinia blight) and Chilli (anthracnose and fruit rot, wilt, leaf curl); Cucurbits (powdery and downy mildew, wilts) and Cruciferous vegetables (Alternaria leaf spot, black rot, cauliflower mosaic); Beans (anthracnose, bacterial blight) and Okra (yellow vein mosaic); Ginger (soft rot), Turmeric (leaf Spot) and Coriander (stem gall); Rose (dieback, powdery mildew, black leaf spot) and Marigold (botrytis blight, leaf spots)..
Crop Improvement (kharif crops) - I {Click on Me}
Theory
Centres of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives in different cereals; pulses;
oilseeds; fibres; fodders and cash crops; vegetable and other horticultural crops of kharif
season; Plant genetic resources, its utilization and conservation, study of genetics of qualitative
and quantitative characters; Important concepts of breeding self-pollinated, cross-pollinated
and vegetatively propagated crops. Major breeding objectives and procedures including
conventional and modern innovative approaches for development of hybrids and varieties for
yield, adaptability, stability, abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and quality (physical, chemical,
nutritional); Hybrid seed production technology in maize, rice, sorghum, pearl millet and
pigeopea etc. Ideotype concept, climate resilient crop varieties for future..
Weed Management {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to weeds, characteristics of weeds, their harmful and beneficial effects on
ecosystem. Classification, reproduction and dissemination of weeds, crop-weed completion,
factors of competition, factors affecting growth and development. Studies on weed seed
bank, weed shifts. Concepts of weed management: physical, cultural, chemical and biological;
principles and methods, integrated weed management. Implements for weed control, robotic
weed control, weed management in organic/ natural farming. Herbicide classification and
properties of important herbicides, concept of adjuvants, surfactants, herbicide formulation
and their use, Nano herbicides, precision weed management; Mode of action of herbicides
and selectivity phenomenon. Concept of herbicide mixture and utility in agriculture,
Herbicide compatibility with agro-chemicals and their application, Herbicide resistance and
its management. Weed management in different field and horticultural crops; aquatic weed
management, weed management in cropping systems..
Ornamental Crops, MAPs and Landscaping {Click on Me}
Theory
Production technology of ashwagandha, costus, isabgol and geranium; Production technology
of mint, aloe and ocimum, Coleus, Glory lily, Periwinkle etc.; Production technology of plants
like lemongrass, citronella, vetiver and palmarosa etc., Importance and scope of ornamental
crops; Importance and scope of medicinal and aromatic plants and landscaping; Principles of
landscaping; Landscape uses of trees, shrubs and climbers, Production technology of important
cut flowers like rose, gerbera and orchids; Production technology of gladiolus, tuberose and
lilium; Production technology of chrysanthemum and carnation; Package of practices for loose
flowers like marigold and jasmine under open conditions; Brief concept of Home landscaping,
Carpet bedding, Topiary, Bonsai, Lawn, flower arrangement, Herbaceous Border, Hedge, Edge
etc.; Processing and value addition imp ornamental crops; Processing and value addition of MAPs
produce.
Introductory Agro forestry {Click on Me}
Theory
Agro-forestry: Definition and scope of Agroforestry system, Type of Agroforestry system,
potential of Agroforestry in India, Prevailing agroforestry system in India; MPTS- definition, role
of MPTS in agroforestry system, its selection for different agroforestry system, MPTS of India,
Ecological aspects of Agroforestry system, tree -crop interaction – competition, nutrient recycling;
Traditional Agroforestry as a viable choice to conserve Agro biodiversity of India. Management of
Agro-forestry system; Role of agroforestry in soil and water conservation; windbreak; Shelterbelt–
definition, objectives.; Socio- economic aspects of Agroforestry system; Design and Diagnostic
study of agroforetry system; Silviculture: Definition and scope, Propagation of tree species,
Regeneration by seed, coppice, root suckers, Transplanting, stump, branch cutting, rhizomes;
Nursery bed preparation and management; Cultural practices for bare root and seedling, field
handling of nursery stock; Management of tree species; Silviculture of important tree species,
choice of species- site factors, root, crown and bole characteristics, phenology, nutritional and
water requirement, ground operation, tending, harvesting utility etc. Horticulture and forage
crops-based agroforestry models developed by ICAR-IGFRI; Agroforestry models developed by
Indian council of Forestry Research and Education.
.
VIth Semester
Fundamentals of Agri Biotechnology {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering: History; Cellular tot
potency and cytodifferentiation; Callus culture, Single-cell/suspension culture and their
applications; Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis; Somaclonal variation and its use in
crop improvement; Embryo rescue technique and its significance in hybrid development; In
vitro fertilization, ovule culture and its significance in hybrid development; Protoplast isolation,
culture and regeneration; Somatic hybridization (somatic hybrids and cybrids) and its application
in crop improvement; Anther and pollen culture for haploid production; Development of
disease-free (virus free) plants through apical meristem culture; Micropropagation technique
for the generation of quality planting material; Synthetic seeds and its applications; National
certification and Quality management of TC plants-secondary metabolite production- in vitro
germplasm conservation.
Introduction to Molecular Biology: DNA structure, structure and function; DNA
replication, transcription and translation, RNA, types and function; Structure of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic gene; Central dogma of life - DNA replication, transcription, genetic codestranslation and protein synthesis; Lac Operon concept - Nucleic acid hybridization; Polymerase
chain reaction- DNA sequencing – Sanger method; PCR and its applications.
Introduction to recombinant DNA technology: DNA modifying enzymes and vectors;
plant genetic transformation – physical (Gene gun method), chemical (PEG mediated) and
Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer methods; Transgenic and its importance in crop
improvement with successful stories; biosafety. Introduction to various molecular markers:
RFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNP etc.; Marker-assisted breeding in crop improvement.
Basic and Applied Agril Statistics {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to Statistics and its Applications in Agriculture. Types of Data. Scales of
measurements of Data. Summarization of Data. Classification of Data. Frequency Distribution.
Methods of Classification. Definition of Grouped and Ungrouped Data. Definition of Class Interval
(formula for determining the no. of class interval), Width of CI, Class Limits (Boundaries), Mid
Points. Types of Frequency Distribution. Diagrammatic Presentation of Data. Bar Diagrams –
Simple, Multiple, Sub-divided and Percentage Bar Diagrams. Pie-diagram. Graphical Presentation
of Data – Histogram, Frequency Polygon and Ogives.
Measures of Central Tendency. Requisites for an Ideal Measure of Central Tendency. Different
Types of Measure. Arithmetic Mean– Definition, Properties, Merits, Demerits and Uses. A.M.
(examples) for Grouped and Ungrouped Data. Step-deviation Method. Weighted Mean. Definition
of Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean. Relationship between A.M., G.M. and H.M. MedianDefinition, Merits, Demerits and Uses. Graphical Location of Median. Mode- Definition, Merits,
Demerits and Uses. Graphical Location of Mode. Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode.
Measures of Dispersion. Characteristics for an Ideal Measure of Dispersion. Different Types
of Measures of Dispersions. Definition of Range, Interquartile Range, Quartile Deviation and
Mean Deviation. Standard Deviation- Definition, Properties. S.D. and Variance for Grouped
and Ungrouped Data. Variance of Combined Series. Co-efficients of Dispersions. Co-efficient of
Variation.
Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis. Definition of Symmetrical Distribution. Definition of
Skewness, Measures of Skewness. Definition of Kurtosis. Measure of Kurtosis. Relationship between
Mean, Median and Mode for Symmetrical and Skewed Distribution.
Probability Theory and Normal Distribution. Introduction to Probability. Basic Terminologies.
Classical Probability-Definition and Limitations. Empirical Probability- Definition and Limitations.
Axiomatic Probability.
Addition and Multiplication Theorem (without proof). Conditional Probability. Independent
Events. Simple Problems based on Probability. Definition of Random Variable. Discrete and
Continuous Random Variable. Normal Distribution- Definition, Prob. Distribution, Mean and
Variance. Assumptions of Normal Distribution. Normal Probability Curve. Correlation and
Regression. Definition of Correlation. Scatter Diagram. Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation.
Types of Correlation Coefficient. Properties of Correlation Coefficient. Definition of Linear
Regression. Regression Equations. Regression Coefficients. Properties of Regression Coefficients.
Tests of Significance. Definition. Null and Alternative Hypothesis. Type I and Type II Error. Critical
Region and Level of Significance. One Tailed and Two Tailed Tests. Test Statistic. One Sample, Two Sample and Paired t-test with Examples. F-test for Variance. ANOVA and Experimental Designs.
Definition of ANOVA. Assignable and Non assignable Factors. Analysis of One-way Classified Data.
Basic Examples of Experimental Designs. Terminologies. Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
Sampling Theory. Introduction. Definition of Population, Sample, Parameter and Statistic. Sampling
Vs Complete Enumeration. Sampling Methods. Simple Random Sampling with Replacement and
without Replacement. Use of Random Number Table..
Crop Improvement (Rabi crops) - II {Click on Me}
Theory
Centres of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives in different cereals; pulses; oilseeds;
fibres; fodders and cash crops; vegetable and other horticultural crops; Plant genetic resources, its
utilization and conservation, study of genetics of qualitative and quantitative characters; Important
concepts of breeding self-pollinated, cross-pollinated and vegetatively propagated crops. Major
breeding objectives and procedures including conventional and modern innovative approaches
for development of hybrids and varieties for yield, adaptability, stability, abiotic and biotic stress
tolerance and quality (physical, chemical, nutritional); Hybrid seed production technology in
wheat, oat, chickpea, rapeseed and mustard etc. Ideotype concept, climate resilient crop varieties
for future..
Renewable energy in Agriculture and Allied Sector {Click on Me}
Theory
Classification of energy sources, contribution of these of sources in agricultural sector;
Familiarization with biomass utilization for biofuel production and their application; Familiarization
with types of biogas plants and gasifiers, biogas, bioalcohol, biodiesel and biooil production and
their utilization as bioenergy resource; introduction of solar energy, collection and their application;
Familiarization with solar energy gadgets: solar cooker, solar water heater, application of solar
energy: solar drying, solar pond, solar distillation, solar photovoltaic system and their application;
Introduction of wind energy and their application. Availability of bio mass and their application in
different places. .
Dryland agriculture/ Rainfed
agriculture and watershed
management {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Dryland/Rainfed agriculture: Introduction, types and characteristics; History of dry land/ rainfed agriculture in India; Problems and prospects of dry land/rainfed agriculture in India; Soil and climatic conditions prevalent in dry land/rainfed areas; Length of Growing Period (LGP) and Soil Moisture Availability (SMA) and its impact on crop and cropping system; Soil and water conservation techniques; Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio- morphological characteristics of the plants; Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought; Water harvesting: importance, its techniques, Efficient utilization of water through soil and crop management practices; Crops and cropping systems in dry land/rainfed areas; Management of crops in dry land/rainfed areas; Contingent crop planning for aberrant weather conditions; Concept, history, objective, principles and components of watershed management, factors affecting watershed management. Log term rainfall analysis in relation to simple mathematical models and forecasting the weather abnormalities; Alternate land use system location; regional and crop specific dryland principles and practices for profitable and sustainable dryland farming and allied enterprises. .
Theory Dryland/Rainfed agriculture: Introduction, types and characteristics; History of dry land/ rainfed agriculture in India; Problems and prospects of dry land/rainfed agriculture in India; Soil and climatic conditions prevalent in dry land/rainfed areas; Length of Growing Period (LGP) and Soil Moisture Availability (SMA) and its impact on crop and cropping system; Soil and water conservation techniques; Drought: types, effect of water deficit on physio- morphological characteristics of the plants; Crop adaptation and mitigation to drought; Water harvesting: importance, its techniques, Efficient utilization of water through soil and crop management practices; Crops and cropping systems in dry land/rainfed areas; Management of crops in dry land/rainfed areas; Contingent crop planning for aberrant weather conditions; Concept, history, objective, principles and components of watershed management, factors affecting watershed management. Log term rainfall analysis in relation to simple mathematical models and forecasting the weather abnormalities; Alternate land use system location; regional and crop specific dryland principles and practices for profitable and sustainable dryland farming and allied enterprises. .
Agricultural Microbiology and Phyto -remediation {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Introduction to Microbiology: Definition, applied areas of Microbiology and Importance
of Microbiology. History of Microbiology: Discovery of microorganisms, spontaneous
generation theory, Germ theory of diseases, Immunization, fermentation, and origin of life.
Bacteria: cell structure, chemoautotrophy, photo autotrophy, growth. Bacterial genetics: Genetic
recombination- transformation, conjugation and transduction, genetic engineering. Soil
Microbiology: Nutrient mineralization and transformation, Air Microbiology: Phyllosphere
microflora, Phylloplane microflora, microflora of floral parts etc. Food Microbiology: Microbial
spoilage and principles of food preservations, Food poisoning. Water Microbiology: Types of
water, water microorganisms, and microbial analysis of water e.g. coliform test, Purification
of water. Industrial Microbiology: Microbial products, Biodegradation, Biogas production,
Biodegradable plastics etc. Biological control: Microbial biopesticides for plant disease
management Concepts of rhizosphere microbiology- Rhizodeposits -biochemical nature, release
mechanism in rhizosphere, function, Carbon flow in rhizosphere, Rhizosphere microbiomeresidents and their roles. Potential of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and
endophytes on soil health and sustainability. Bioremediation of polluted soils using microbial
mediators. Phytoremediation of polluted soils..
Agricultural Finance & Cooperation {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Agricultural Finance- meaning, scope and significance, credit needs and its role in
Indian agriculture. Agricultural credit: meaning, definition, need, classification. Credit
analysis: 4 R’s, and 3C’s of credits. Sources of agricultural finance: institutional and noninstitutional sources, commercial banks, social control and nationalization of commercial
banks. Micro financing including KCC. Lead bank scheme, RRBs, Scale of finance and
unit cost. An introduction to higher financing institutions – RBI, NABARD, ADB, IMF,
world bank, Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India. Cost of credit. Recent
development in agricultural credit. Preparation and analysis of financial statements – Balance
Sheet and Income Statement. Basic guidelines for preparation of project reports. Bank
norms – SWOT analysis. Agricultural Cooperation – Meaning, brief history of cooperative
development in India, objectives, principles of cooperation, significance of cooperatives
in Indian agriculture. Agricultural Cooperation in India- credit, marketing, consumer and
multi-purpose cooperatives, farmers’ service cooperative societies, processing cooperatives,
farming cooperatives, cooperative warehousing; role of ICA, NCUI, NCDC, NAFED. 3 R’s, 5
C’s and 7 P’s of credit. Crop insurance: its scope, significance and limitations and the potential
of the newly launched ‘Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana’ (Prime Minister’s Crop InsuranceScheme). Successful cooperative systems in Gujarat (AMUL), Tamil Nadu (Aavin), Karnataka
(Nandini), Maharashtra and Punjab..
Essentials of Plant Biochemistry {Click on Me}
Theory
Biochemistry – Introduction and importance, Properties of water, pH and buffer, plant cell and
its components. Bio-molecules – Structure, classification, properties and function of carbohydrates,
amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Vitamins – physiological and metabolic role.
Enzymes: General properties; Classification; Mechanism of action; Michaelis and Menten and Line
Weaver Burk equation and plots; Introduction to allosteric enzymes, use of enzymes. Metabolic
energy and its generation – Metabolism – Basic concepts, Glycolysis, Citric acid Cycle, Pentose
phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, Fatty acid oxidation. Biosynthetic Pathways –
Photosynthesis, Gluconeogenesis, nitrogen fixation, fatty acid and starch formation. Regulation of
metabolic pathways. Secondary metabolites, Terpenoids, Alkaloids, Phenolic and their applications
in food and pharmaceutical industries..
Fundamentals of Seed Science & Technology {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to seed technology, definition and importance; Seed quality -definition, characters
of good quality seed; Causes of deterioration of varietal purity and assessment of genetic purity,
different classes of seed. Foundation and certified seed production of important cereals, pulses and
oilseed, field inspection, importance and procedures; Post-harvest seed quality management; seed
processing procedures, seed drying; Seed treatment, its importance, method of application and seed
packing; seed storage - general principles, stages and factors affecting seed longevity during storage;
Seed health management during storage. Seed Certification and legislation; Seed Act and Seed Act
enforcement, duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties. Seeds Control Order 1983,
basics of seed quality testing; New Seed Bill 2019; Seed quality enhancement techniques..
VIIth Semester
5 Elective Courses (major or minor) each of 4 (3+1) credits for B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture degreeAgri-Business Management {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Transformation of agriculture into agribusiness, various stakeholders and components of agribusiness systems. Importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy and New Agricultural Policy. Distinctive features of Agribusiness Management: Importance and needs of agro-based industries. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries. Institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries. Constraints in establishing agro-based industries. Agri-value chain: Understanding primary and support activities and their linkages. Business environment: PEST and SWOT analysis. Management functions: Roles and activities, Organization culture. Planning, meaning, definition, types of plans. Purpose or mission, goals or objectives, Strategies, polices procedures, rules, programs and budget. Components of a business plan, Steps in planning and implementation. Organization staffing, directing and motivation. Ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control. Capital management and Financial management of Agribusiness. Financial statements and their importance. Marketing Management: Segmentation, targeting and positioning. Marketing mix and marketing strategies. Consumer behaviour analysis, Product Life Cycle (PLC). Sales and Distribution Management. Pricing policy, various pricing methods. Project Management definition, project cycle, identification, formulation, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Project Appraisal and evaluation techniques..
Theory Transformation of agriculture into agribusiness, various stakeholders and components of agribusiness systems. Importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy and New Agricultural Policy. Distinctive features of Agribusiness Management: Importance and needs of agro-based industries. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries. Institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries. Constraints in establishing agro-based industries. Agri-value chain: Understanding primary and support activities and their linkages. Business environment: PEST and SWOT analysis. Management functions: Roles and activities, Organization culture. Planning, meaning, definition, types of plans. Purpose or mission, goals or objectives, Strategies, polices procedures, rules, programs and budget. Components of a business plan, Steps in planning and implementation. Organization staffing, directing and motivation. Ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control. Capital management and Financial management of Agribusiness. Financial statements and their importance. Marketing Management: Segmentation, targeting and positioning. Marketing mix and marketing strategies. Consumer behaviour analysis, Product Life Cycle (PLC). Sales and Distribution Management. Pricing policy, various pricing methods. Project Management definition, project cycle, identification, formulation, appraisal, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Project Appraisal and evaluation techniques..
Management of natural resources {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction to Natural Resource Bases: Concept of resource, classification of natural
resources. Factors influencing resource availability, distribution and uses. Interrelationships among
different types of natural resources. Concern on Productivity issues. Ecological, social and economic
dimension of resource management. Land resources: Land as a resource. Dry land, land use
classification, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil erosion and desertification. Landscape
impact analysis, wetland ecology and management. Water resources: Use and over-utilization
of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits and problems.
Water ecology and management. Energy resources: Growing energy needs, renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. Resource Management Paradigms:
Resource management the evolution and history of resource management paradigms. Resource
conflicts: Resource extraction, access and control system. Approaches in Resource Management:
Ecological approach; economic approach; ethnological approach; implications of the approaches;
integrated resource management strategies. Introduction to soil and water conservation and causes
of soil erosion., Definition and agents of soil erosion, water erosion - Forms of water erosion, Gully
classification and control measures. Soil loss estimation by universal soil loss equation - Soil loss
measurement techniques. Principles of erosion control - Introduction to contouring, strip cropping.
Contour bund - Graded bund and bench terracing. Wind erosion - Mechanics of wind erosion, types
of soil movement - Principles of wind erosion control and its control measures, Water harvesting
techniques - Lining of ponds, tanks and canal systems.
.
Agrochemicals {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
An introduction to agrochemicals, their type and role in agriculture, effect on environment,
soil, human and animal health, merits and demerits of their uses in agriculture, management of
agrochemicals for sustainable agriculture. Herbicides -Major classes, properties and important
herbicides. Fate of herbicides. Fungicides- classification –Inorganic fungicides-characteristics,
preparation and use of sulphur and copper. Mode of action- Bordeaux mixture and copper
oxychloride. Organic fungicides –Mode of action –Dithiocarbamates- characteristics, preparation
and use of Zineb and maneb. Systemic fungicides- Benomyl, carboxin, oxycarboxin, Metalaxyl,
Carbendazim, characteristics and use. Introduction and classification and insecticides: inorganic
and organic insecticides organochorine, Ogranophosphates, Carbamates, Synthetic pyrethriods
Neonicotinoids, Biorationals. Insecticide Act and rules, Insecticides banned, withdrawn and
restricted use. Fate of insecticides in soil and plant. IGR Biopesticides, Reduced risk insecticides,
Botanical, Plant and animal systemic insecticides their characteristics and uses. Fertilizers and
their importance. Nitrogenous fertilizers: Feedstocks and Manufacturing of ammonium sulphate,
ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, urea. Slow release N-fertilizers. Phosphatic fertilizers:
feedstock and manufacturing of single superphosphate. Preparation of bone meal and basic slag.
Potassic fertilizers: Natural sources of potash, manufacturing of potassium chloride, potassium
sulphate and potassium nitrate. Mixed and complex fertilizers: Sources and compatibilitypreparation of major, secondary and micronutrient mixtures. Complex fertilizers: Manufacturing
of ammonium phosphates, nitrophosphates and NPK complexes. Fertilizer control order. Fertilizer
logistic and marketing. Plant bio-pesticides for ecological agriculture, Bio-insect repellent..
Agricultural Journalism {Click on Me}
Theory
Journalism – Meaning, nature, importance, and types of journalism. Agricultural Journalism
– Meaning, definition, principle, objectives, types, and scope. Similarities and difference between
agricultural journalism and other types of journalism. Role of agricultural journalist, Training
of agricultural journalist. Qualities of journalist, Role of journalist /journalism in agricultural
development and development of newspaper and magazines readers. Newspaper and magazines
as communication media: Characteristics, kinds and functions of newspaper and magazines,
Characteristics of newspaper and magazines readers. Form, content, style and language of
newspaper and magazines, Standard part of newspaper and magazines. The agricultural story: Types
of Agriculture stories, subject matter of the agricultural story, structure of the agricultural story.
Gathering farm information -Sources of farm information: abstracting from research and scientific
materials, interviews, coverage of events. Other sources: electronic media, field study. Success storiesdefinition, nature, components, guidelines of writing a success story. Writing a news story difference
between news and feature story, the principle of writing a news story, Inverted pyramid structure.
Organizing the material, treatment of the story, writing the news lead and the body. Readability
measure-readability ease score, automated readability index, gunning fog index, How to improve
readability of articles and stories. Use of photograph in agricultural journalism- Basic principles
of photography – composition, exposure, lens, light. Use of artwork (Graphs, charts maps, etc.).
Writing the captions. Editorial mechanism: Copy reading, headline and title writing. Proofreading:
definition, signs and symbols of proofreading, level of proofreading, duties of a proof-reader. Layout
– meaning, principles of layout and design.
Landscaping {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Importance and scope of landscaping. Principles of landscaping, garden styles and types terrace gardening, vertical gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, rockery water garden, walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc. Gardens for special purposes. Trees: selection, propagation, planting schemes, canopy management. Shrubs and herbaceous perennials: selection, propagation, planting schemes, architecture. Climber and creepers importance, selection, propagation, planting. Annuals: selection, propagation, planting scheme. Other garden plants: palms, ferns, grasses and cacti succulents. Pot plants: selection, arrangement, management. Bioaesthetic planning: definition, need, planning. Landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping, Landscaping of schools, public places like bus station, railway station, townships, river banks, hospitals, play grounds, airports, industries, institutions, Bonsai principles and management. Lawn: establishment and maintenance. CAD application..
Theory Importance and scope of landscaping. Principles of landscaping, garden styles and types terrace gardening, vertical gardening, garden components, adornments, lawn making, rockery water garden, walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc. Gardens for special purposes. Trees: selection, propagation, planting schemes, canopy management. Shrubs and herbaceous perennials: selection, propagation, planting schemes, architecture. Climber and creepers importance, selection, propagation, planting. Annuals: selection, propagation, planting scheme. Other garden plants: palms, ferns, grasses and cacti succulents. Pot plants: selection, arrangement, management. Bioaesthetic planning: definition, need, planning. Landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping, Landscaping of schools, public places like bus station, railway station, townships, river banks, hospitals, play grounds, airports, industries, institutions, Bonsai principles and management. Lawn: establishment and maintenance. CAD application..
Commercial Plant breeding {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Types of crops and modes of plant reproduction. Line development and maintenance breeding in self- and cross- pollinated crops (A/B/R and two-line system) for development of hybrids and seed production. Genetic test of commercial hybrids. Advances in hybrid seed production of maize, rice, sorghum, pearl millet, castor, sunflower, cotton pigeon pea, Brassica etc. Speed Breeding, Breeding Management systems, High-throughput phenotyping and genotyping platforms, Quality seed production of vegetable crops under open and protected environment. Alternative strategies for the development of the line cultivators: haploid inducer, tissue culture techniques and biotechnological tools. IPR issues in commercial plant breeding: DUS testing and registration of verities under PPV and FR Act. Variety testing, release and notification systems in India. Principles and techniques of seed production, types of seeds, quality testing in self- and cross- pollinated crops..
Theory Types of crops and modes of plant reproduction. Line development and maintenance breeding in self- and cross- pollinated crops (A/B/R and two-line system) for development of hybrids and seed production. Genetic test of commercial hybrids. Advances in hybrid seed production of maize, rice, sorghum, pearl millet, castor, sunflower, cotton pigeon pea, Brassica etc. Speed Breeding, Breeding Management systems, High-throughput phenotyping and genotyping platforms, Quality seed production of vegetable crops under open and protected environment. Alternative strategies for the development of the line cultivators: haploid inducer, tissue culture techniques and biotechnological tools. IPR issues in commercial plant breeding: DUS testing and registration of verities under PPV and FR Act. Variety testing, release and notification systems in India. Principles and techniques of seed production, types of seeds, quality testing in self- and cross- pollinated crops..
Food safety and standards {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory Food safety –Definition, Importance, Scope and Factors affecting Food Safety. Hazards and Risks, Type of Hazards - Biological, Chemical Physical hazards. Management of hazards – Need. Control of Parameters. Temperature Control. Food Storage. Production Design. Hygiene and Sanitation in Food Service Establishments- Introduction. Sources of contamination and their control. Waste Disposal. Pest and Rodent Control. Personnel Hygiene. Food safety Measures. Food Safety Management Tool- Basic concepts. PRPs, GHPs, GMPs, SSOPs etc. HACCP.ISO series. TQM- concept and need for quality, components of TQM, Kaizen. Risk Analysis. Accreditation and Auditing, Water Analysis, Surface Sanitation and Personal Hygine. Food laws and Standards Indian Food Regulatory Regime, FSSA. Global Scenario CAC. Other laws and standards related to food. Recent concerns -New and Emerging Pathogens. Packaging, Product labelling and Nutritional labelling. Genetically modified food/transgenic. Organic foods. Newer approaches to food safety. Recent Outbreaks. Indian and International Standards for food products. .
Theory Food safety –Definition, Importance, Scope and Factors affecting Food Safety. Hazards and Risks, Type of Hazards - Biological, Chemical Physical hazards. Management of hazards – Need. Control of Parameters. Temperature Control. Food Storage. Production Design. Hygiene and Sanitation in Food Service Establishments- Introduction. Sources of contamination and their control. Waste Disposal. Pest and Rodent Control. Personnel Hygiene. Food safety Measures. Food Safety Management Tool- Basic concepts. PRPs, GHPs, GMPs, SSOPs etc. HACCP.ISO series. TQM- concept and need for quality, components of TQM, Kaizen. Risk Analysis. Accreditation and Auditing, Water Analysis, Surface Sanitation and Personal Hygine. Food laws and Standards Indian Food Regulatory Regime, FSSA. Global Scenario CAC. Other laws and standards related to food. Recent concerns -New and Emerging Pathogens. Packaging, Product labelling and Nutritional labelling. Genetically modified food/transgenic. Organic foods. Newer approaches to food safety. Recent Outbreaks. Indian and International Standards for food products. .
Bioformulation and Nano formulation {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction and history of biological control of pests and diseases; Microbial biopesticides: the
global and Indian market scenario; biopesticides for organic agriculture; Different phytopathogenic
biocontrol agents: Mode of action; Different entomopathogenic biocontrol agents: Mode of
action; Microbial inoculants as biofertilizer candidates, Production, quality assessment and
methods of application of biopesticides and biofertilizers; Regulatory system of biopesticides in
India; Formulations of plant essential oils, botanicals, pheromone, and parapheromone and their
application in insect pest management; Use of predators and parasitoids for insect pest management;
Nanotechnology: its applications in pest and disease diagnosis and management; Nano biopesticides:
Concept and importance, different techniques of producing nano biopesticides; Nano Fertilizers:
Concept and importance, Types of nano fertilizers; Different techniques of producing nano
fertilizers; Green synthesis of nano fertilizers; green slow-release fertilizer composition based on
urea-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.
Biopesticides and Biofertilizers {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory History and concept of bio pesticides. Importance, scope and potential of bio pesticides. Definitions, concepts and classification of bio pesticides viz. Pathogen, botanical pesticides, and bio rationales. Botanicals and their uses. Mass production technology of bio-pesticides. Virulence, pathogenicity and symptoms of entomopathogenic pathogens and nematodes, Methods of application of bio pesticides. Methods of quality control and Techniques of bio pesticides. Impediments and limitation in production and use of bio pesticides.Biofertilizers - Introduction, status and scope. Structure and characteristics features of bacterial biofertilizers – Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Frankia; Cynobacterial bio fertilizers- Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and fungal biofertilizers – AM mycorrhiza and ectomycorhiza. Nitrogen fixation –Free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mechanism of phosphate solubilisation and phosphate mobilization, K solubilisation. Production Technology: Strain selection, sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production of carrier based and liquid biofertilizers. FCO specifications and quality control of biofertilizers. Application technology for seeds, seedlings, tubers, sets etc. Biofertilizers-Storage, shelf life, quality control and marketing. Factors influencing the efficiency of biofertilizers..
Theory History and concept of bio pesticides. Importance, scope and potential of bio pesticides. Definitions, concepts and classification of bio pesticides viz. Pathogen, botanical pesticides, and bio rationales. Botanicals and their uses. Mass production technology of bio-pesticides. Virulence, pathogenicity and symptoms of entomopathogenic pathogens and nematodes, Methods of application of bio pesticides. Methods of quality control and Techniques of bio pesticides. Impediments and limitation in production and use of bio pesticides.Biofertilizers - Introduction, status and scope. Structure and characteristics features of bacterial biofertilizers – Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Frankia; Cynobacterial bio fertilizers- Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon and fungal biofertilizers – AM mycorrhiza and ectomycorhiza. Nitrogen fixation –Free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Mechanism of phosphate solubilisation and phosphate mobilization, K solubilisation. Production Technology: Strain selection, sterilization, growth and fermentation, mass production of carrier based and liquid biofertilizers. FCO specifications and quality control of biofertilizers. Application technology for seeds, seedlings, tubers, sets etc. Biofertilizers-Storage, shelf life, quality control and marketing. Factors influencing the efficiency of biofertilizers..
System Simulation and Agro advisory {Click on Me}
Theory
System approach for representing soil-plant-atmospheric continuum, system boundaries. Crop
models, concepts and techniques, types of crop models, data requirements, relational diagrams.
Evaluation of crop responses to weather elements; Elementary crop growth models; calibration,
validation, verification and sensitivity analysis. Potential and achievable crop production- concept
and modelling, techniques for their estimation. Crop production in moisture and nutrients limited
conditions; components of soil water and nutrients balance. Weather forecasting, types methods, tools
and techniques, forecast verification; Value added weather forecast, ITK for weather forecast and its
validity; Crop- Weather Calendars; Preparation of agro-advisory bulletin based on weather forecast.
Use of crop simulation model for preparation of Agro- advisory and its effective dissemination..
Hi-tech Horticulture {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction and importance; Nursery management and mechanization; micro propagation
of horticultural crops; Modern field preparation and planting methods; Protected cultivation:
advantages, controlled conditions, method and techniques; Micro irrigation systems and its
components; EC, pH based fertilizer scheduling; canopy management; high density orcharding;
Components of precision farming: Remote sensing; Geographical Information System (GIS);
Differential Geo-positioning System (DGPS); Variable Rate Applicator (VRA); application of
precision farming in horticultural crops (fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops); mechanized
harvesting of produce.
Protected cultivation {Click on Me}
Theory
Protected cultivation- importance and scope, status of protected cultivation in India and World,
types of protected structure based on site and climate. Cladding material involved in greenhouse/
poly house. Greenhouse design, environment control, artificial lights, Automation. Soil preparation
and management, Substrate management. Types of benches and containers, Irrigation and
fertigation management. Propagation and production of quality planting material of horticultural
crops. Greenhouse cultivation of important horticultural crops-rose, carnation, chrysanthemum,
gerbera, orchid, anthurium, lilium, tulip, tomato, bell pepper, cucumber, strawberry, pot plants etc.
Cultivation of economically important medicinal and aromatic plants. Off- season production of
flowers and vegetables. Insect pest and disease management. techniques; introduction to siRNA; siRNA technology; Micro RNA; construction of siRNA vectors;
principle and application of gene silencing; creation of transgenic plants; debate over GM crops;
introduction to methods of genetic manipulation in different model systems. Introduction to
genome editing – Various tools of genome editing; CRISPR-Cas9 with specific emphasis on Indian
regulations; Cloning genomic targets into CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids; electroporation of Cas9 plasmids
into cells; purification of DNA from Cas9 treated cells and evaluation of Cas9 gene editing; in
vitro synthesis of single guide RNA (sgRNA); using Cas9/sgRNA complexes to test for activity on
DNA substrates; evaluate Cas9 activity by T7E1 assays and DNA sequence analysis; Applications
of CRISPR/cas9 technology in crop plants. Marker Assisted Breeding and Genomic Selection:
Introduction to various DNA-based markers and their use in marker-assisted breeding; Foreground
Selection, Recombinant Selection and background Selection; Marker-assisted backcross breeding,
marker-assisted selection – success stories; Introduction to Genomic Selection..
Climate Resilient Agriculture {Click on Me}
Theory
Climate change and impacts of climate change on agriculture and food security; crop
productivity under different climate change scenarios including extreme events such as drought,
flood, pest and disease outbreak etc. Basics of adaption and mitigation in the agricultural sectors;
analyzing and assessing climate vulnerability to identify vulnerable sectors and possible adaptation
options in agriculture; assessing biophysical and socio-economic impacts on agricultural sector;
risk assessment strategies, preparedness for weather and climate risks in agriculture; application
of geospatial tools and techniques for sustainable agriculture. Climate resilient agriculture (CRA)
– concept, scope and importance with special reference to India, climate resilient technologies for
enhancing crop productivity and sustainability – role of weather and climatic information, agroadvisories, ICTs and simulation models; climate resilient agronomic practices – crop/cultivar
selection, crop diversification/ crop mixtures; water management practices – rain water harvesting,
micro-irrigation, deficit irrigation and drainage management, organic/natural farming, integrated
farming systems (IFS); site specific nutrient management (SSNM), conservation agriculture
technologies to build soil organic carbon, harnessing microbial biodiversity, biomass recycling;
use of renewable sources of energy; climate resilient pest-disease management strategies. Breeding
strategies for development of climate change resilient crops and varieties, development of biotic
and abiotic stress tolerant/resistant cultivars under changed climatic scenarios including extreme
weather events..
Biotechnology of Crop Improvement {Click on Me}
Theory
Impact of Biotechnology on crop improvement and the perspective of society; Various
biotechnological techniques available for crop improvement – Plant Tissue Culture, Genetic
Engineering, Genome editing, Marker Assisted breeding and Genomic Selection. Biosafety
regulations and their application in Agricultural Biotechnology. Somaclonal variation and its use in
crop improvement; embryo culture; anther/pollen culture; somatic embryogenesis; artificial seeds;
techniques of protoplast culture, regeneration and somatic cell hybridization, achievements and
limitations, utility in the improvement of crop plants. Direct and Indirect methods of gene transfer
in plants - Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in dicots and monocots; Direct DNA delivery
methods (microinjection, particle gun method, electroporation); gene targeting; Gene silencing .
Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, precision farming {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction and history of remote sensing; sources, Principles of remote sensing, propagation
of radiations in atmosphere; Interaction with matter; Application of remote sensing techniques land
use soil surveys; crop stress and yield forecasting; Advantages and disadvantages of remote sensing;
Remote sensing institutes in India; Basic Concepts about geoinformatics.
Data sharing; Expert System: Introduction to expert system, Characteristics and features of
expert system, Applications of Expert System, Importance of Expert system, Rule based system
architecture; Software Agents; Impact of Block chain and it's concepts; Probability and Statistics:
Bayes Theorem, correlation and Covariance, Continuous Random variables and probability
distribution function, various forms of distributions, central limit theorem; Basics of Machine
Learning: Random forest, SVM, ensemble methods; Basics of Deep learning: various model
architectures and it's training aspects; Hyperspectral and Thermal Remote Sensing; Proximal Soil
and Crop Sensors..
Micro-propagation Technologies {Click on Me}
Theory
Introduction, History, Advantages and limitations. Types of cultures (seed, embryo, organ,
callus, cell); Stages of micro propagation; Axillary bud proliferation (Shoot tip and meristem culture,
bud culture); Organogenesis (calluys and direct organ formation); Somatic embryogenesis; Cell
suspension cultures; production of secondary metabolites; Somaclonal variation; Cryopreservation..
Commercial Seed Production {Click on Me}
Theory
General Principles of Seed Production: Raising the seed crop, Introduction, Procurement of a
class of Improved seeds, Reporting to Monitoring or certification Agency, Principles and practices
of selection of area and agronomic requirement of seed production of field crops, Importance of
isolation distance and Rouging, Principles of hybrid seed production in field crops, Principles
and practices of selection of area and agronomic requirement of seed production of horticultural
crops, Concept of apomixes, male sterility and self-incompatibility and its application in hybrid seed
production of horticultural crops, Farmers participatory seed production. General Principles of Seed Processing: Introduction, Objectives of Seed Processing, Seed
Drying, Principles of Drying, Water vapour equilibrium, Methods of drying seeds, Cleaning and
grading, Air and screen machines, Dimensional separators, Density separators, Surface texture
separators, Colour separators, Spiral separators, Electric separators, Vibrator separators, Separation
based on Affinity to liquids, Seed treatment, Temperature treatment, Chemical treatment, Bagging
and Labelling.
General Principles of Seed Testing: Seed testing-Introduction, Procedure of Seed testing,
components of seed quality testing genetic, physical, physiological and seed health testing, Seed
sampling, Types of seed sampling, Requirements of sampling, Concept of seed viability and vigour;
dormancy, types and principles of seed dormancy, Physiological quality of seed, Principles of seed
Germination, types of germination, biochemical and genetic basis.
Seed Certification: History, concept and objectives of seed certification; seed certification
agency/organization and staff requirement Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards
(I.M.S.C.S.) - general and specific crop standards including GM varieties, field and seed standards.
Seed Industry and Seed Marketing: Introduction, Evolution of the seed industry, Development
of the vegetable and Flower seed industry, Seed marketing – concept, definition and purpose,
importance and promotion of quality seed, formal and informal seed supply systems, Seed marketing
intelligence and product mix, sales promotion, distribution channels, marketing costs and margins;
packaging and labelling, Seed Associations, Factors influencing seed marketing, Seed marketing
programs, Seed industry organizations, Marketing of public versus private players, Demand and
supply of seed; role of seed replacement rate (SRR), seed multiplication ratio (SMR), economics
of seed production; determining seed needs, Seed pricing and price policy, seed processing and /
packaging, demand forecasting and factors affecting demand for seeds, effect of price and farm
income on seed demand, Role of WTO in seed marketing.
Biotechnology in Seed Technology: History of plant tissue culture, Laboratory organization,
Composition of nutrient medium, Micro-propagation, Axillary bud proliferation approach, Meristem
and shoot tip culture, Bud culture, Advantages of Micro-propagation, Problems associated with
micro-propagation, Synthetic seed production, Types of synthetic seeds, methods of development of
synthetic seeds, Components of nutrient media for synthetic seed development, Storage of synthetic
seeds, Advantages and limitations of synthetic seed production..
Principles and Practices of Organic Farming/ Conservation Agriculture {Click on Me}
Theory
Concept of organic farming, principles and its scope in India; Choice of crops and varieties
in organic farming; Nutrient management in organic farming and their sources; Fundamentals
of insect, pest, disease and weed management under organic mode of production; Operational
structure of NPOP; Certification process and crop standards of organic farming; Processing,
labelling, economic considerations and viability, marketing and export potential of organic products.
Initiatives taken by Government (central/state), NGOs and other organizations for promotion of
organic agriculture. Conservation agriculture: definition, origin, principles, advantages, challenges;
Primary practices in conservation agriculture: minimum soil disturbance, crop residue retention,
and crop diversification, complementary practices, conservation agriculture vis a vis Climate Smart
Agriculture; Organic manures- recommended doses and application in comparison to inorganic
fertilizers for major crops..
Food Science and Nutrition {Click on Me}
Get Notes
Theory
Introduction on fundamentals of foods and human nutrition; Basic food groups; Concept
of balanced diets; Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for various age groups; Biochemical
composition, energy and food value of various food grains, fruits and vegetables; Carbohydrates,
proteins, fats as nutrients and their interactions; Physio-chemical, functional and nutritional
characteristics of essential nutrients- sources and functions, Nutritional requirements, malnutrition,
inborn errors of metabolism, deficiency diseases; Digestion, absorption, transport and metabolism
of nutrients in human system; Protein quality evaluation. Biochemical and nutritional aspects of vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals, antioxidant, antinational factors and biochemistry of postharvest storage, losses during processing. Effect of cooking, processing and preservation on nutrients
of different food products, biochemical aspects of food spoilage; Food fads, food safety and quality
standards. Enzymes in food industry, food additives, nutritional quality of plant, animal, dairy,
marine and fermented products..
Post-Harvest Technology and Value Addition {Click on Me}
Theory
Importance of post –harvest processing of fruits and vegetables, extent and possible causes of
post-harvest losses: Pre-harvest factors affecting post-harvest quality, maturity, ripening and changes
occurring during ripening; Respiration and factors affecting respiration rate; Harvesting and field
handling; Storage (ZECC, cold storage, CA, MA and hypobaric); Value addition concept; Principles
and methods of preservation; Intermediate moisture food (jam, jelly, marmalade, preserve, candy) -
concepts and standards; Fermented and non-fermented beverages. Tomato products -concepts and
standards; Drying /Dehydration of fruits and vegetables –concept and methods, osmotic drying.
Canning – concepts and standards, packaging of products..
![[New] B.Sc. Agriculture Hon's All Semester Notes & Syllabus | According to 6th Dean Committee](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaEhc-F6_jd5EhsFF9aNFFxtd7HyOKURV3N7WOEWjlTaCCQia2gpHg64YDojiIIHeAervO5cKRMiO1uIPvZFvLCRb9FVVkg2AFcIo2unwlFSoTEvBxrrJmW57xyErcxN8XBUu-2AQOc154BVHUvnnzhrZIaUkLIyQxxurf8oNOKrMwNbo8T8nsIhNfVLs/w200-h200-p-k-no-nu/thumbnail-1920x1080-20260505-162714.webp)